U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA VOLUME 6 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE NUMBER 3 TERRORISMTERRORISM Threat Assessment, Countermeasures and Policy November 2001 TERRORISM: THREAT ASSESSMENT, COUNTERMEASURES AND POLICY On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars — but for the past 136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war — but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks — but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a single day — and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack... This is not, however, just America’s fight. And what is at stake is not just America’s freedom. This is the world’s fight. This is civilization’s fight. This is the fight of all who believe in progress and pluralism, tolerance and freedom. We ask every nation to join us. We will ask, and we will need, the help of police forces, intelligence services, and banking systems around the world. The United States is grateful that many nations and many international organizations have already responded — with sympathy and with support. Nations from Latin America, to Asia, to Africa, to Europe, to the Islamic world. Perhaps the NATO Charter reflects best the attitude of the world: An attack on one is an attack on all. The civilized world is rallying to America’s side. They understand that if this terror goes unpunished, their own cities, their own citizens may be next. Terror, unanswered, cannot only bring down buildings, it can threaten the stability of legitimate governments. We’re not going to allow it... The course is not known, yet its outcome is certain. Freedom and fear, justice and cruelty, have always been at war, and we know that God is not neutral between them. George W. Bush President of the United States of America Editor's Note: This 20th issue of U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda — planned well before the tragic events of September 11th in New York, the Washington, D.C. area, and Pennsylvania — explores major themes in international terrorism and its increasingly violent nature through a series of articles, fact sheets and references from experts within the United States Government and from the academic and private sectors. U. S. FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE VOLUME 6 • NUMBER 3 • NOVEMBER 2001 2 U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State TERRORISM: THREAT ASSESSMENT, COUNTERMEASURES AND POLICY CONTENTS _ PREFACE 2 By George W. Bush President of the United States of America _ FOCUS SEIZING THE MOMENT 5 By Colin L. Powell Secretary of State, United States of America TERRORISM: U.S. POLICIES AND COUNTERTERRORISM MEASURES 7 By Ambassador Francis X. Taylor Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. Department of State THE INSTRUMENTS OF COUNTERTERRORISM 10 By Paul R. Pillar National Intelligence Officer for Near East and South Asia; National Intelligence Council, Central Intelligence Agency PROTECTING AMERICA AGAINST CYBERTERRORISM 14 By Paul Rodgers Assistant Unit Chief, Outreach and Field Support Unit, National Infrastructure Protection Center Federal Bureau of Investigation MANY COUNTRIES BENEFIT FROM U.S. ANTITERRORISM TRAINING 18 By Alan O. Bigler Director, Antiterrorism Assistance Program, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, U.S. Department of State _ COMMENTARY TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH 22 By Bruce Hoffman Vice President, External Affairs Director, RAND Corporation Washington Office ANTHRAX AND MASS-CASUALTY TERRORISM: WHAT IS THE BIOTERRORIST THREAT AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH 25 By Jason Pate Senior Research Associate and Manager, WMD Terrorism Database, Monterey Institute of International Studies BRINGING TERRORISTS TO JUSTICE UNDER THE RULE OF LAW 29 By Peter Raven-Hansen Glen Earl Weston Research Professor of Law, The George Washington University Law School 3 _ FACT SHEETS INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: AMERICAN HOSTAGES 32 STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM AND FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS 34 _ A GUIDE TO ADDITIONAL READING TERRORISM: THREAT ASSESSMENT, COUNTERMEASURES AND U.S. POLICY ARTICLE ALERT 36 Abstracts of recent articles TERRORISM: THREAT ASSESSMENT, COUNTERMEASURES AND U.S. POLICY BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 Spotlighting other views TERRORISM: THREAT ASSESSMENT, COUNTERMEASURES AND U.S. POLICY KEY INTERNET SITES 38 Internet links to resources on related issues U.S.FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE VOLUME 6 • NUMBER 3 • NOVEMBER 2001 The Office of International Information Programs of the U.S. Department of Publisher . 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Comments are welcome at your local U.S. Embassy (attention Public Diplomacy . Vivian Stahl Section) or at the editorial offices: Program Assistant . Yvonne Shanks Editor, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda Political Security — IIP/T/PS Political Security Intern . Amy Hanzelka U.S. Department of State 301 4th Street, S.W. Art Director . Min Yao Washington, D.C. 20547 United States of America Graphics Assistant . Sylvia Scott E-mail: [email protected] Please note that this issue of U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA can be located Editorial Board . Judith S. Siegel on the Office of International Information Programs’ International Home Page on the World Wide Web at “http://www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/1101/ijpe/ijpe1101.htm”. Leonardo Williams 4 _ FOCUS SEIZING THE MOMENT By Secretary of State Colin L. Powell “International terrorism poses a multidimensional threat. Our coalition must use every tool of statecraft to defeat it,” says Secretary of State Colin L. Powell. “This will be a long, hard campaign, measured in years and fought on many fronts. For such an effort, our coalition will have the flexibility to evolve. And the very process of participating in this great global campaign against terrorism may well open the door for us to strengthen or reshape international relationships and expand or establish areas of cooperation.” The mass murders that were committed on September his terrorists than its own starving citizens. Coalition 11 under the direction of Osama bin Laden and his al- members also will work to disrupt and destroy terrorist Qaida network have united the world against networks by sharing intelligence and other critical international terrorism. Some 80 countries lost citizens information, cooperating in law enforcement, and in the attacks. From our shared grief and shared resolve cutting off terrorists’ financial lifelines. can come new opportunities not only to defeat terrorism, but also to work with other nations on a This will be a long, hard campaign, measured in years range of important issues of global concern. and fought on many fronts. For such an effort, our coalition will have the flexibility to evolve. A host of countries and international organizations have answered President Bush’s call for a worldwide And the very process of participating in this great coalition to combat terrorism — among them NATO, global campaign against terrorism may well open the the European Union, the Organization of American door for us to strengthen or reshape international States, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the relationships and expand or establish areas of Organization of African Unity, the Arab League, the cooperation. Organization of the Islamic Conference, and the U.N. General Assembly and Security Council. Indeed, the Already, our alliances in Europe, Asia and the Western Security Council unanimously adopted an historic Hemisphere have been reinvigorated by invocations of resolution obliging all 189 U.N. member states to stop the collective defense provisions of the NATO, terrorist travel, money flows, planning and other support, ANZUS and Rio Treaties. and to cooperate in bringing terrorists to justice. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s reaction to International terrorism poses a multidimensional September 11 marked the beginning of a new period in threat. Our coalition must use every tool of statecraft our bilateral relationship, one in which a new spirit of to defeat it. Some countries will take part in the cooperation on counterterrorism may also make many military response against those involved in the atrocities of the tough issues on the agenda more resolvable.