Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 12-2012 DYNAMIC AND STATIC EFFECTS IN WETTING OF CAPILLARIES AND FIBERS Taras Andrukh Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Andrukh, Taras, "DYNAMIC AND STATIC EFFECTS IN WETTING OF CAPILLARIES AND FIBERS" (2012). All Dissertations. 1013. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1013 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DYNAMIC AND STATIC EFFECTS IN WETTING OF CAPILLARIES AND FIBERS _______________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Material Science and Engineering _______________________________________________________ by Taras Andrukh December 2012 _______________________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Konstantin G. Kornev, Committee Chair Dr. M. Ellison Dr. I. Luzinov Dr. R. Groff . ABSTRACT This research is centered on the analysis of wetting and wicking phenomena. In six chapters we discuss static and dynamic effects of wetting of single capillary and fibers. In the first chapter, we review the prior work and formulate the research goals. In the second chapter, we develop a mathematical model of liquid uptake by capillaries and analyze the factors affecting liquid uptake. We derived a fundamental equation describing the dynamics of the fluid uptake by short capillaries where the effects of apparent mass, gravity and air resistance can be neglected. The scaling analysis reveals four different regimes of liquid flow that can be classified by a phase diagram. This phase diagram can guide the design of porous absorption materials. Spontaneous uptake of liquids by millimeter long capillaries happens in milliseconds. The results of the experimental studies of the liquid uptake depend on the technique that is used to track the wetting front. In the third chapter, we report on the development of the Matlab® image analysis tools and their application to study meniscus formation. The developed programs were used to determine the shape and position of the liquid/gas interfaces inside the capillary, and to track the contact angle and location of the meniscus forming on the exterior surface of the capillary or fiber. In the fourth chapter, we describe the experimental setups. We explained the setup that has been used in our studies of liquid uptake by single capillaries. A capillary rise technique has been employed for the analysis of meniscus formation on external surface of the capillary. ii In the fifth chapter, we discuss specifics of the capillary rise and drop-on-fiber techniques. The contact angles were evaluated and compared for different substrates. We study the dynamics of the meniscus formation inside and outside of capillaries and fibers. The effect of thermo-responsive polymer coatings on the contact angle alternation was also demonstrated and discussed. Chapter six features experimental results on spontaneous liquid uptake by a single capillary. We tracked the meniscus position inside single capillary tubes of different sizes, experimentally checked the influence of different forces on liquid uptake such as gravity and air resistance forces and compared the results with the theoretical predictions developed in chapter two. The phase diagram was built on the basis of numerical solution of the fundamental equation of liquid uptake and compared with the experimental data. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Konstantin G. Kornev, for his guidance, his patience, and encouragements during my graduate study at Clemson University. I am sincerely grateful to my committee members: Dr. I. Luzinov, Dr. M.Ellison and Dr.R.Groff for their insightful comments, suggestions, and time. I would also like to thank Dr. Kornev’s and Dr. Luzinov’s group members, in particular Daria Monaenkova, Yu Gu, Maryana Kovalchuk, Alexander Tokarev, Michael Seeber, Fehime Vatansever, Marius Chyasnavichyus, and James Giammarco for their encouragement and support and for all the help and suggestions they provide during my graduate studies. I am grateful to Binyamin Rubin and Eugen Tatartschuk who helped me with the MatlLab® codes, and Bogdan Zdyrko for his support and all help during my stay at Clemson University. I want to acknowledge the help of Dr. Phillip J. Brown. I am grateful to the School of Material Science and Engineering, Clemson University for creating this incredible team spirit I was exposed to during my memorable research experience. I want to express my gratitude to Kimberly Ivey, Robbie Nicholson, Kathy Bolton and all other staff of the MS&E department for their continuous support. Special thanks to my wife, Olha Hoy, for her support, understanding and being there whenever I needed her. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my wife, Olha Hoy, who always has been there for me during both the happy and tough times. v LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Peer reviewed journal publications: 1. Monaenkova Daria, Andrukh Taras,; Kornev Konstantin G, “Wicking of liquids into sagged fabrics”, Soft Matter 8 17 P 4725-4730 2012 2. T Andrukh, B Rubin, KG Kornev ,”Wire-in-a-Nozzle as a New Droplet-on- Demand Electrogenerator”, Langmuir 27 ( 6), 3206-3210 (2011) 3. D. Monaenkova, M. S. Lehnert, T.Andrukh, C. E. Beard, B. Rubin, A. Tokarev, W. Lee, P. H. Adler, and K.G. Kornev, Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits, Journal of the Royal Society. Interface, 9 69 P 720-726 2011 4. C. Tsai, P. Mikes, T. Andrukh, E. White, D. Monaenkova, O. Bortovyy, R. Bortovyy, B. Rubin, D. Lukas, I. Luzinov, J. R. Owens and K. G. Kornev, "Nanoporous artificial proboscis for probing minute amount of liquids", Nanoscale, , 3 11 P 4685-4695 2011 5. Seeber Michael; Zdyrko Bogdan; Burtovvy Ruslan; Taras Andrukh; et al. “Surface grafting of thermoresponsive microgel nanoparticles” Soft Matter, 7 21 P 9962-9971 2011 Peer reviewed conference proceedings: 1. Taras Andrukh, Daria Monaenkova, Binyamin Rubin, Konstantin G.Kornev, Imbibition of liquids into capillaries, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, Charleston, SC, 11- 13 October, 2011. vi 2. Austin Beachler, Taras Andrukh, Daria Monaenkova, Jeffery Owens, and Konstantin Kornev, Spreading of Liquids on Porous Surfaces, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, Charleston, SC, 11-13 October, 2011. 3. Daria Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh, and Konstantin G.Kornev, Bernoulli Catenary and Elasto-capillary and -wetting Effects in Fibrous Materials, Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Fiber Materials Science, Charleston, SC, 11-13 October, 2011 4. K. Kornev, D. Monaenkova, T. Andrukh, “Absorption-induced Deformations of Nanofiber Yarns and Nanofibrous Webs”, in: J. Su, L.-P. Wang, Y. Furuya, S. Trolier-McKinstry, J. Leng, (Eds.), Materials and Devices for Smart Systems III, Proceedings, Volume 1129, Paper #1129-V05-05, MRS 2009, Warrendale, PA, 2009 5. Konstantin G. Kornev, Darya Monaenkova, Taras Andrukh, Vijoya, Sa, and Campbell Yore, Caleb Klipowics, Kara Edmond, “Butterfly Proboscis. A Biomicrofluidic System”. Proceedings, AIChE Annual Meeting: Philadelphia, PA, November 16-21, 2008 Conference proceedings: 1. Bogdan Zdyrko, Fehime Vatansever,Taras Andrukh, Konstantin Kornev, Roman Sheparovych, Mikhail Motornov, Sergiy Minko and Igor Luzinov,“Surface Modification of Fibrous Materials”, Advances in Multi- Functional Materials Symposium, Annual National Textile Center (NTC) Forum, September 12-14, 2010, Greenville, SC vii 2. Taras Andrukh, Daria Monaenkova, Chen-Chih Tsai, Konstantin G. Kornev , “Wettability and absorbency of nanofiber-based probes”, Proceeding, 24th Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites (ASC), Delaware, September 15-17, 2009. 3. Konstantin Kornev, Alexander Tokarev, Serhiy Malynych, Taras Andrukh, George Chumanov, John Ballato, Gulya Korneva, Yury Gogotsi, Derek Halverson, Gary Friedman.“Characterization and control of magnetic carriers” April 26 - April 28, 2009, Clemson University,Clemson, SC, USA 4. Michael J Seeber, Bogdan Zdyrko PhD, Taras Andrukh, Ruslan Burtovvy PhD, Prof. Konstantin Kornev PhD, Prof. Igor Luzinov PhD,” Using PNIPAM nanogels in controlling the wettability properties of nano-probing devices”. ACS, Anaheim, March 28, 2011, 5. Andrukh T, Few C, Kornev KG,” PMSE 229-Nanofiber yarns for wearable electronics and energy sources” ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY Volume: 235 Meeting Abstract: 229- PMSE Published: APR 6 2008 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv DEDICATION..............................................................................................................v LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .....................................................................................