Nos. 18-587, 18-588, 18-589 In the Supreme Court of the United States ———— DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, ET AL., PETITIONERS, v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, ET AL., RESPONDENTS. ———— ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT ———— DONALD J. TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL., PETITIONERS, v. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, ET AL., RESPONDENTS. ———— ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI BEFORE JUDGMENT TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT ———— KEVIN K. MCALEENAN, ACTING SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY, ET AL., PETITIONERS, v. MARTIN JONATHAN BATALLA VIDAL, ET AL., RESPONDENTS. ———— ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI BEFORE JUDGMENT TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT ———— BRIEF FOR LAWYERS’ COMMITTEE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER LAW, THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, THE LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE ON CIVIL AND HUMAN RIGHTS, AND 42 OTHER SOCIAL JUSTICE ORGANIZATIONS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS ———— KRISTEN CLARKE WILLIAM D. COSTON JON GREENBAUM Counsel of Record DARIELY RODRIGUEZ MARTIN L. SAAD DORIAN SPENCE SAMEER P. SHEIKH PHYLICIA H. HILL VENABLE LLP MARYUM JORDAN 600 Massachusetts Ave NW LAWYERS’ COMMITTEE FOR Washington, DC 20001 CIVIL RIGHTS UNDER LAW (202) 344-4813 1500 K Street NW, Suite 900 [email protected] Washington, DC 20005 (202) 662-8600 Counsel for Amici Curiae October 4, 2019 WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D. C. 20002 QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Whether DHS’s decision to wind down the DACA policy is judicially reviewable. 2. Whether DHS’s decision to wind down the DACA policy is lawful. (i) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page QUESTIONS PRESENTED ............................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................ iv INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ........................ 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................ 3 ARGUMENT ........................................................ 5 I. THE GOVERNMENT WAS REQUIRED TO CONSIDER RELIANCE INTERESTS PRIOR TO TERMINATING DACA ......... 5 II. DACA ENGENDERED SERIOUS RELI- ANCE INTERESTS THAT THE GOV- ERNMENT FAILED TO CONSIDER ...... 11 A. Reliance Interests of DACA Students, Educators and Educational Institu- tions ...................................................... 13 B. DACA Enrollees Purchased Homes and Lending Institutions Extended Loans in Reliance on DACA ................ 17 C. Promises of “Expedited Citizenship” for DACA Enrollees Serving Vital Military Interests ................................ 19 CONCLUSION .................................................... 22 APPENDIX APPENDIX: List of 42 Other Social Justice Organizations with Individual Statements of Interest ....................................................... 1a (iii) iv TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Page(s) City of Arlington v. FCC, 569 U.S. 290 (2013) ................................... 5 Encino Motor Cars, LLC v. Navarro, 136 S. Ct. 2117 (2016) ....................... 6, 7, 11, 13 FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502 (2009) ................................... 10 Jimenez–Cedillo v. Sessions, 885 F.3d 292 (4th Cir. 2018) ..................... 11 Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29 (1983) ..................................... 5 NAACP v. Trump, 298 F. Supp. 3d 209 (D.D.C. 2018) ........... 5 Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Association, 135 S. Ct. 1199 (2015) ............................... 6-7 Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982) ................................... 13, 17 Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. DHS, 908 F.3d 476 (9th Cir. 2018) ..................... 5 Smiley v. Citibank (South Dakota), NA, 517 U.S. 735 (U.S. 1996) ........................... 7 Texas v. United States, 328 F. Supp. 3d 662 (S.D. Tex. 2018) ....... 8 U.S. v. Penn. Indus. Chem. Corp., 411 U.S. 655 (1973) ................................... 11-12 STATUTES 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) ...................................... 5 v TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—Continued OTHER AUTHORITIES Page(s) A.W. Geiger, America’s Public School Teachers Are Far Less Racially And Ethnically Diverse Than Their Students, Pew Research Center. (Aug. 27, 2018), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/20 18/08/27/americas-public-school-teachers- are-far-less-racially-and-ethnically-diver se-than-their-students/ ............................. 15 Alex Horton, The Military Looked to ‘Dreamers’ to Use Their Vital Skills. Now the U.S. Might DePort Them. Wash. Post (Sept. 7, 2017), available at https://www. washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/w p/2017/09/07/the-military-looked-to-drea mers-to-use-their-vital-skills-now-the-u- s-might-deport-them/ ................................ 20, 21 Alexander Casey, An Estimated 123,000 ‘Dreamers’ Own Homes and Pay $380M in Property Taxes, Zillow (Sept. 20, 2017), https://www.zillow.com/research/daca-ho meowners-380m-taxes-16629/ .................. 18 Alice Yin, Education by the Numbers, N.Y. Times (Sept. 8, 2017), available at https:// www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/magazine/ education-by-the-numbers.html ............... 15 Annie Karni and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, Trump Offers Temporary Protections for ‘Dreamers’ in Exchange for Wall Funding, N.Y. Times (Jan. 9, 2019), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/19/us/ politics/trump-proposal-daca-wall.html ... 11 vi TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—Continued Page(s) Anti-Defamation League (ADL), Creating an Anti-Bias Learning Environment, https://www.adl.org/education/resources/ tools-and-strategies/creating-an-anti-bias- learning-environment (last visited Oct. 2, 2019) .......................................................... 16 Dep’t of Justice Office of Legal Counsel, The Department of Homeland Security’s Authority to Prioritize Removal of Certain Aliens Unlawfully Present in the United States and to Defer Removal of Others, 38 Op. O.L.C. (2014). ..................................... 8 Elise Gould, Local Public Education Employ- ment May Have Weathered Recent Storms, But Schools Are Still Short 327,000 Public Educators, Econ. Pol’y. Inst. (Oct. 6, 2017), available at http://www.epi.org/ publication/teacher-employment-may-ha ve-weathered-storms-but-schools-are-still- short-327000-public-educators/ ................ 14 Greg Toppo, 20,000 DACA Teachers At Risk — and Your Kids Could Feel the Fallout, too, USA Today (Oct. 11, 2017), available at https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/ 2017/10/11/thousands-daca-teachers-risk/ 7520820 01/ ............................................... 14, 16 vii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—Continued Page(s) Lisette Partelow, America Needs More Teachers of Color, Ctr. for Amer. Progress (Sept. 14, 2017,), https://www.american progress.org/issues/education-k-12/repor ts/2017/09/14/437667/america-needs-tea chers-color-selective-teaching-profession/ ... 15 Liz Robbins, For Teachers Working Through DACA, a Bittersweet Start to the School Year, N.Y. Times (Sept. 7, 2017), available at https://www.nytimes.com/20 17/09/07/nyregion/daca-teachers.html ..... 16 Memorandum from Janet Napolitano, Sec’y of Homeland Sec., Exercising Prosecuto- rial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children (June 15, 2012), available at https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/s1-ex ercising-prosecutorial-discretion-individ uals-who-came-to-us-as-children.pdf ....... 12 Moriah Balingit, As DACA Winds Down, 20,000 Educators Are in Limbo, Wash. Post (Oct. 25, 2017), available at https:// www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/ as-daca-winds-down-20000-educators-are- in-limbo/2017/10/25/4cd36de4-b9b3-11e7- a908-a3470754bbb9_story.html ............... 14 viii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—Continued Page(s) New American Economy, Overcoming the Odds: The Contributions of DACA-Eligible Immigrants and TPS Holders to the U.S. Economy (May 2019), available at https:// www.newamericaneconomy.org/wp-conte nt/uploads/2019/05/DACA-TPS_Brief.pdf... 12 Nicole Svjlenka, What We Know About DACA Recipients in the United States, Ctr. for Amer. Progress (Sept. 5, 2019), https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ immigration/news/2019/09/05/474177/kno w-daca-recipients-united-states/ ............... 13 Statement of Nancy E. Weaver, Department of Defense Senior Language Authority, Before the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, (June 29, 2010) available at http://prhome.defense.gov/ Portals/52/Documents/RFM/Readiness/D LNSEO/docs/Weaver%20Testimony%20 062910.pdf ................................................. 20 Tom K. Wong et al., DACA Recipients’ Livelihoods, Families, and Sense of Security Are at Stake This November, Ctr. For Am. Progress (Sept. 19, 2019), https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ immigration/news/2019/09/19/474636/da ca-recipients-livelihoods-families-sense-se curity-stake-november/ ............................. 18 ix TABLE OF AUTHORITIES—Continued Page(s) U.S. Census Bureau, Quarterly Residential Vacancies And Homeownership, Fourth Quarter 2017 (Jan. 30, 2018 10:00 AM), https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files /currenthvspress.pdf ................................. 19 U.S. Dep’t of Def., Military Accessions Vital to National Interest (MAVNI) Recruitment Pilot Program, available at https://www. defense.gov/news/MAVNI-Fact-Sheet.pdf ... 20 U.S. Dep’t of Housing and Urb. Dev., The National Homeownership Strategy: Partners in the American Dream (1995) .. 17 Yukiko Furuya et al., A Portrait of Foreign- Born Teachers In The United States, George Mason University, Institute for Immigration Research, January 2019, available at https://www.immigrationres