Actors and models Assessing the European Un- ion’s External Capability and Influ- ence Edited by Pierre Willa and Nicolas Levrat euryopa études 11-2001 2 Actors and models Institut européen de l’Université de Genève General catalogue of the Institute’s publications in French and English is available on the website www.unige.ch/ieug Publications euryopa Institut européen de l’Université de Genève 2, rue Jean-Daniel Colladon ¨ CH-1204 Genève télécopie/fax +41 22–705 78 52 E-mail : [email protected] Assessing the European Union‘s External Capability and Influence 3 euryopa études vol. 11-2001 ISBN 2-940174-08-3 © Institut européen de l’Université de Genève Septembre 2001 Contents NB. The pagination of the electronic draft does not fit that of the book edition mentioned here. For the book edition on .pdf, see Acknowledgements List of authors List of tables & figures Abbreviations & acronyms How to assess the EU’s external capability and influence: Introductory remarks Pierre Willa and Nicolas Levrat I. Actors Unilateral Foreign Policy Capacities and States Preferences on CSFP: Rationalism Contribution to Explaining German, French and British Policies towards CSFP Wolfgang Wagner The Foreign Ministry of France and Great Britain and EPC/CSFP: Change and Adaptation in Historical Institutionalist Perspective Melanie Morisse-Schilbach European Union versus Men Wearing Dark Glasses: EU’s Capability-Presence in Nigeria, 1979-2000 Martin Dahl 4 Actors and models II. Actors and models Pluralism and Rationality in a Post-Socialist Setting: an Epistemological and Methodological Exercise in Falsification Martin Benedek How far are EU Boundaries extending? Explaining the Inclusion of Third Countries in the EU’s Attempts to Combat Tax Evasion Christophe Bonte III. Models Enlarging Europe: Reconceptualising Europe: Social Constructivism and EU Enla rgement John O’Brennan Subregionalization in Europe’s Periphery and EU’s Foreign Policy: the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Dimension Elisabeth Johansson The Political Economy of the EU’s External Relations: The Historical Evolution of the Lomé Convention Sophia Price References Assessing the European Union‘s External Capability and Influence 5 Acknowledgements The essays in this volume consist of a selection of papers presented by PhD students at the ECPR rotating Summer school held in Geneva in Au- gust-September 2000. We thank all participants, both academics and stu- dents, for their active participation to the Summer school which is reflected in the contributions to this volume. We are indebted to the promoters of the ECPR rotating Summer school, together with the ECPR standing committee on the European Union. We would especially like to acknowledge the contributions made by our aca- demic partners for this project, both the European Studies Institute at the Free University of Brussels and the Political Science Department at the University of Catania. Without their initiative and support, this volume would not be here today. We are deeply grateful to the Board of the Institut européen de l’Univer-sité de Genève and to the academic authorities from Geneva Uni- versity who supported the project and made it possible. We acknowledge the financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the European Commission, the ECPR and from Swissair. The editors of this volume also wish to express their special thanks to their colleagues at the Institut européen, Sandrine Bionda, Philippe Brail- lard, Lubor Jílek, Jean-Marc Membrez and René Schwok. In their own way, each of them has played an instrumental role in making this book. Pierre Willa and Nicolas Levrat, August 2001. 6 Actors and models List of authors Martin Benedek, formerly at St. Antony’s College, Oxford [email protected] Christophe Bonte, Départment de sciences politiques, Université de Ge- nève, and Institut de hautes études en administration publique (IDHEAP), Université de Lausanne [email protected] John O’Brennan, Centre for European Studies, University of Limerick [email protected] Martin Dahl, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole [email protected] Elisabeth Johansson, Institut Universitari d'Estudis Europeus, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona [email protected] Nicolas Levrat, Institut européen de l'Université de Genève [email protected] Melanie Morisse-Schilbach, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and London School of Economics [email protected] Sophia Price, Department of Government, University of Manchester [email protected] Wolfgang Wagner, Institut für Vergleichende Politik wissenschaft und Internationale Beziehungen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main [email protected] Pierre Willa, Institut européen de l'Université de Genève [email protected] Assessing the European Union‘s External Capability and Influence 7 List of tables & figures NB. The pagination of the electronic draft does not fit that of the book edition mentioned here. Melanie Morisse-Schilbach Table 1: Research perspective and terminology 43 Table 2: The domestic institutions of foreign ministries 47 Table 3: Types of institutional change 48 Martin Dahl Table 1: Subsequent EU-ACP Conventions 88 Figure 1: Intensity of EU trade towards Nigeria, 1983-1997 94 Figure 2: Trade diversity among Member States towards Nigeria, 1983-1997 95 Martin Benedek Table 1: Use of arable land by the private sector 122 Table 2: Use of arable land by the corporate sector 126 Sophia Price Table 1: EDF contracts classified by nationality of firm, December 1985 223 8 Actors and models Abbreviations & acronyms ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific group (Lomé Convention States) BSEC Black Sea economic cooperation CBSS Council of Baltic Sea States CAP Centre d’analyse et de prévision (Quai d'Orsay) CEE Central and Eastern Europe CEECs Central and Eastern European Countries CFSP Common foreign and security policy Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Aid (1949-1991) CPRS Central Policy Review Staff (FCO) DFAE Département fédéral des Affaires étrangères (Berne) EC European Community(-ies) or European Commission ECB European Central Bank Ecofin Council of Economic and Finance ministers ECU European Currency Unit EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EER External Economic Relations of the EC EFP European foreign policy EMI European Monetary Institute EMP Euro-Mediterranean partnership EMS European Monetary System EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament EPC European Political Cooperation EU European Union FCO Foreign & Commonwealth Office (UK) IGC Intergovernmental Conference IMF International Monetary Fund Interreg EC initiatives for cross-border cooperation IR international relations OJEC Official Journal of European Communities MEP Member of European Parliament NIEO new international economic order Assessing the European Union‘s External Capability and Influence 9 OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Phare network of EC programmes of financial aid and technical cooperation with CEECs (presently thirteen) Quai d'Orsay Ministère français des Affaires étrangères QMV qualified majority voting SEA Single European Act SECI Southeast Europe Cooperation Initiative SEECP South East Europe Cooperation Process SGCI Secrétariat général du Comité interministériel pour les questions de coopération économique euro- péenne Tacis EU's programme of technical assistance for thirteen countries of former USSR and Mongolia TEC Treaty on European Communities (Rome, 1957) TEU Treaty on European Union (Maastricht, 1992) WB World Bank group WEU Western European Union WTO World Trade Organisation (GATT, until 1994) 10 Actors and models How to assess the EU’s External Dimension: Introductory remarks Nicolas Levrat and Pierre Willa Since the birth of the EU, its external capability and its influence in interna- tional relations has been a subject of analysis for academics. The main questions analysts have been confronted with include the following: What are the interrelationships between EU institutions in the aforementioned area? What is the division of power between Brussels and the member states? What are the EU’s potential instruments, which can be used by the EU in international relations? Is the EU a fully-qualified international actor? The present volume of work captures the EU’s external capability at a specific point in time, following a decade of significant improvement in the EU’s instruments and procedures. The World stage, and particularly the geo-political context of Europe have also undergone profound changes. Evolution, in terms of the EU improving its skill in external relations, is far from over and a large volume of contemporary literature on the issue at- tempts to assess the potential outcome of envisaged developments. The fol- lowing contributions concentrate on the EU’s external influence in the cur- rent institutional and political setting. A vision of the EU is emerging; a dis- tinct ‘non-power’ actor in international relations, able to offer member States a skirting strategy to avoid direct confrontation with other powers in the conduct of European external relations. Future evolution of the World stage and of the EU’s competencies, of the institutional setting and of the means deployed in international relations may lead to the disappearance of some interesting features of the EU’s cur- rent external capability, which will be enumerated in due course , and which this introduction aims to highlight.