Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06144-6 - Asteroids: Relics of Ancient Time Michael K. Shepard Index More information Index absolute magnitude binary, see asteroids, moons correlation with asteroid size 289 Centaurs, see Centaurs definition 45 classification, see asteroid classification search program limits 288, 295 Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, see trans- stellar 45 Neptunian objects achondrite families, see Hirayama families aubrite, see enstatite achondrite Hildas 65 definition 113 naming conventions 28 diogenite 114 near-Earth, see near-Earth asteroids eucrite 113 origin of term 13 exotic or unusual 115 regolith 122 howardite 114 satellites, see asteroids, moons howardite–eucrite–diogenite 114, 127, search programs, see asteroid search 274 programs irons, see iron meteorites spectra, see specific asteroids lunar 120 threats, see impacts Martian 119 trans-Neptunian object, see trans- mesosiderite 116 Neptunian object pallasite, see pallasites Trojan 19–20 primitive 115 asteroids, moons shergotite–nakhlite–chassignite 119 45 Eugenia 244 urelite 5, 115 87 Sylvia 245 adaptive optics 90 Antiope 244 definition 44 243 Ida and Dactyl 243 guide star 225 762 Pulcova 245 operation 224–5 185851 2000 DP107 245 resolution 225 2001 SN263 245 albedo, visual 48 discovery methods 245 Alvarez, Walter and Luis 132 formation mechanisms 246–7 Apophis, asteroid 99942 population reservoirs 245 discovery 283 asteroids, number and name history of threat 283–4 1 Ceres, see Ceres, asteroid 1 size 283 2 Pallas, see Pallas, asteroid 2 Torino scale 293 3 Juno 15 Arnold, Steve 97 4 Vesta, see Vesta, asteroid 4 asteroids 21 Lutetia, see Lutetia, asteroid 21 albedo 48 45 Eugenia 244 Amor, see near-Earth asteroids 87 Sylvia 245 Aten, see near-Earth asteroids 90 Antiope 244 Apollo, see near-Earth asteroids 135 Hertha 230 Atira, Aphohele, see near-Earth asteroids 243 Ida and Dactyl 243 341 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06144-6 - Asteroids: Relics of Ancient Time Michael K. Shepard Index More information 342 index asteroids, number and name (cont.) Asteroid Retrieval Mission (ARM) 306–8 253 Mathilde, see Mathilde, asteroid 253 asteroid search programs 433 Eros, see Eros, asteroid 433 assumptions 289–90 588 Achilles 19 ATLAS 287 762 Pulcova 245 B612 foundation 302 951 Gaspra 243, 255 Catalina Sky Survey 285 1221 Amor 31 fireball networks 86–7 2060 Chiron 21 George E. Brown NEO Survey 285, 298 2062 Aten 31 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) 2100 Ra-Shalom 32, 241, 249 299 2867 Steins, see Steins, asteroid 2867 limiting magnitudes 289 3200 Phaethon 52 LINEAR 286 4689 Golevka 207 NEOCAM 302–3 4769 Castalia 238 NEOWISE 287 5000 IAU 30 Pan-STARRS 285, 299 7968 Elst–Pizarro 26 search methods 288 25143 Itokawa, see Itokawa, asteroid space-based 301–2 25143 Spacewatch 286 54509 YORP 248 Spaceguard survey 284 99942 Apophis 284 asteroid shapes 101955 Bennu 280–1 135 Hertha 230 134340 Pluto 24, 31 2100 Ra-Shalom 241 136199 Eris 24 25143 Itokawa, see Itokawa, asteroid 136472 Makemake 31 25143 162173 (1999 JU3) 280 combining multiple datasets 231, 185851 2000 DP107 245 249–50 367943 Duende (2012 DA14) 129 lightcurves 229–30 2001 SN263 245 occultation, see occultation famous people and places 31–2 online database 230 asteroid classification radar 240–1 Bus taxonomy 63 asteroid surveys B-class 280–1 Eight-Color Asteroid Survey 61 C-class 60 Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic definition 49, 56 Survey (SMASS II) 63, 123 E-class 61 astronomical unit 6, 15 M-class 60 atomic mass or weight 93 P-class 126 atomic number 93, 164 photometric system 56 Q-class 123 B612 Foundation 302 R-class 61 Barringer, Daniel 141–3 S-class 60 Binzel, Richard 63, 123, 292 Tholen taxonomy 62 Bode, Johann Elert 7, 9, 12 U-class 60 Bode’s Law 6 V-class 127 bolide, see fireball asteroid families, see Hirayama families Bus, Schelte “Bobby” 63 asteroid mining Bus asteroid classification 63 companies 311 metals 310–11 C-class asteroid rationale 308 definition 60 water 309–10 distribution 64 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06144-6 - Asteroids: Relics of Ancient Time Michael K. Shepard Index More information index 343 meteorite analog 126 petrological types 112 specific asteroids, see 243 Mathilde, shock grade or state 112 101955 Bennu, 162173 (1999 JU3) chondrules caldera 137 ages 181 carbonaceous chondrite classification 84 abundance 108 discovery 78 asteroid analogs 60 naming 78 definition 108 origins 83–5, 180 excess xenon 182 comets interstellar grains within 183–4 Churyumov–Gerasimenko 264 organics 92 coma 26 similarity to solar composition 109 difference from asteroids 26 types 108–11 Elst–Pizarro 26 water 92 Jupiter family comet 268 Cassidy, William 67–8 naming conventions 28, 31 Cassini, Giovanni 38, 196 nucleus 26 Centaurs Shoemaker–Levy 9 131 definition 22 Tempel 1 268 discovery 21 volatiles 26 naming conventions 31 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ceres, asteroid 1 Organization Preparatory Commission adaptive optics imaging 278 90 classification 277 cosmogenic nuclide 173 composition 277 Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary discovery 11–12 Chicxulub Crater 154 dwarf planet 25 controversy over extinction 156–7 evidence of water ice 279 crater search 154 meteorite analogs 277 Deccan Traps 151 naming 12 extinction 150 orbit intersection with Pallas 15 geological evidence of impact 155 size 41 impact hypothesis 151, 153 spectra 277 iridium enrichment 152 structure 278 meteorite size 154 Chapman, Clark 57, 59, 63 proper name 152 Chelyabinsk impact supernova hypothesis 153 damage and injuries 133 Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary, fireball 133 see Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary meteorite 135 Chesley, Steve 1, 88, 207 Dawes Limit 43 Chladni, Ernst 72 Dawn mission chondrites arrival at 4 Vesta 274 carbonaceous, see carbonaceous departure for 1 Ceres 277 chondrite goals 273–4 classification 106–7 instruments 274 components, see meteorite components launch 274 definition 77 major results, see Vesta, asteroid 4 enstatite 111 declination 10 equilibration 112 deuterium 93 formation 77 deuterium/hydrogen ratiochondrites 94 ordinary, see ordinary chondrite comets 94 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06144-6 - Asteroids: Relics of Ancient Time Michael K. Shepard Index More information 344 index deuterium (cont.) Harris, Alan W. 295 definition 93 Harvey, Ralph 68 Earth water 93 Hayabusa mission solar nebula 93 goals 269 differentiation 104 instruments 270 Discovery Program 257 launch 270 loss of signal and recovery 271 E-class asteroid major results, see Itokawa, asteroid 25143 definition 61 naming of mission 258 distribution 64 touchdown on Itokawa 270 meteorite analog 126 Helin, Eleanor 29–30, 32, 238 electromagnetic spectrum 49 helium-3 214–15 enstatite achondrite Herschel, William asteroid analog 61, 264 coins the term asteroid 13 asteroid parent body 127 discovery of Uranus 8 definition 115 early life 8 ephemerides 13, 201 volcanism on the Moon 81 Eros, asteroid 433 Hildebrand, Alan 132, 154 bulk density 261 Hirayama, Kiyotsugu 208 internal structure 261 Hirayama families meteorite analogs 260 Beagle 212 regolith ponds 260 computer simulations 210 size 222 criteria 210 space weathering 260 dating 211 spectral type 260 definition 209 exposure age dating Eos 208 clusters 176–7 Flora 209 cosmogenic nuclides 173 Karin 210 definitions 162 Koronis 208 meteorite material strength 176 Themis 208 physics of 173 Veritas 212, 216 terrestrial age (time on Earth) Howard, Edward C. 78 175 time in space 173–4 impacts avoidance, see impact threat responses false dawn, see zodiacal light Chelyabinsk, see Chelyabinsk impact fireball 3 damage from 149–50, 297–8 definition 73 dinosaur extinction, see historical accounts 73, 85–7 Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary link to asteroid belt 86 frequency of 295–7 observation networks 86–7 National Research Council Report 297 Gaffey, Michael 122, 127, 260 power-law scaling 147 Galilei, Galileo 38, 196 search programs, see asteroid search Galileo spacecraft programs discovery of asteroid moon Dactyl 244, Tunguska, see Tunguska impact 256 impact threat responses flyby 243 Ida 243, 256 civil defense 304 flyby 951 Gaspra 243, 255 deflection options 304 launch 243 gravity tractor deflection 304 Gilbert, Grove Carl 138 impact deflection 305 gravity tractor 304 manned missions 306–8 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06144-6 - Asteroids: Relics of Ancient Time Michael K. Shepard Index More information index 345 nuclear options 305 Late Heavy Bombardment, see Lunar overview of strategies 303 Cataclysm Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Le Verrier, Urbain 18, 22, 199 asteroid discoveries 52 lightcurve launch 49 amplitude 228 wavelengths 51 asteroid database 227 zodiacal cloud discoveries 211 definition 226 infrasound measurement of obliquity 228 definition 88 methods 226 monitoring network 90 shapes from, see asteroid shapes International Astronomical Union Louis, Jacques, Comte de Bournon asteroid naming body xiii, 28 78 Minor Planet Center 291 Lowell, Percival 22–3 Pluto demotion 24 Lunar Cataclysm interplanetary dust particles 176, 213 alternative hypotheses 179 iron meteorites evidence for 178–9 classification 116–18 Nice Model 188 kamacite 118 Lutetia, asteroid 21 magmatic 118 bulk density 265 Neumann lines 118 internal structure 267 number of parent bodies 119 meteorite analogs 265 origin 117 Rosetta flyby 265 size of parent body 118 size