An Analysis of Gandhi's Constructive Program Based on Galtung's Theories Amy Dillon Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Human Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MA in Conflict Studies Conflict Studies Faculty of Human Sciences Saint Paul University Ottawa, Canada 2016 © Amy Dillon, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 A. Dillon ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ IV ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 RELEVANT LITERATURE .................................................................................................................................................. 2 RESEARCH QUESTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 THESIS STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE: GANDHI’S CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAM IN CONTEXT ........................................... 9 ABOUT GANDHI ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Gandhi’s Cultural and Religious Background .................................................................................................. 9 Early Years ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Life Abroad .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Britain ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 South Africa ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Nonviolence .................................................................................................................................................................. 17 INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT .......................................................................................................................... 20 THE CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAM .................................................................................................................................... 23 Elements of the Constructive Program ............................................................................................................. 25 Khadi ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Removal of Untouchability .................................................................................................................................................................. 31 Communal Unity ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Overall .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 39 A. Dillon iii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Violence ........................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Galtung’s Definition of Violence ........................................................................................................................................................ 40 Direct and Structural Violence ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 Cultural Violence ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Dynamics of Violence ............................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Peace ................................................................................................................................................................................ 48 Galtung’s Definition of Peace .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 Direct, Structural, Cultural Peace ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 Dynamics of Peace ................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Nonviolence and Peace .......................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Framework for Analyzing the Constructive Program ................................................................................ 54 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 56 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 56 THE FORMS OF VIOLENCE TO WHICH EACH CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAM ELEMENT WAS RESPONSIVE ........... 56 Violence to which the Khadi Element was Responsive ............................................................................... 57 Violence to which the Removal of Untouchability Element was Responsive .................................... 59 Violence to which the Communal Unity Element was Responsive ........................................................ 62 Overall Assessment of the Violence ..................................................................................................................... 65 Patterns in the Violence ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Predominance of Cultural and Structural Violence .................................................................................................................. 67 Main Influences and Actors in the Violence ................................................................................................................................. 67 NONVIOLENT PRACTICES OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAM ................................................................................ 69 Nonviolence through Khadi ................................................................................................................................... 70 Nonviolence through the Removal of Untouchability ................................................................................ 72 A. Dillon iv Nonviolence through Communal Unity ............................................................................................................ 75 Overall Assessment of the Nonviolent Practices ........................................................................................... 76 Patterns in the Nonviolence ................................................................................................................................... 78 Themes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................