Tourism in Africa:Tourism Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth Public Disclosure Authorized and Improved Livelihoods Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods Harnessing Tourism The book will be available for download at www.worldbank.org/afr/tourism. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC, 20433, USA www.worldbank.org/africa THE WORLD BANK Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward Photos: Leopard – Creative Commons; Dogon Dancers – Marshall Mayer; all other images – The World Bank This report was prepared by the AFTFP Tourism Team led by Tourism Senior Private Sector Specialist, Hannah Messerli, and Lead Economist, Vincent Palmade. Tourism experts Louise Twining-Ward and Iain T. Christie were the main authors, aided by contributions from Eneida Fernandes and Tugba Gurcanlar. This report synthesizes the results from the following studies: 24 country case studies completed by Iain T. Christie and Anna Spenceley, Africa hotel sector (Ernst and Young), Africa air transportation sector (SH&E), Tour Operator sector, the World Bank Africa tour- ism strategy, and the tourism country database (Louise Twining-Ward). These underlying studies can be found on the following website: http://www.worldbank.org/afr/tourism. This work has been made possible through the generosity of committed donors. More than two years of sector specific research and analysis has been supported by the Multi- Donor Trust Fund for Trade and Development contributed to by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Department for Foreign and International Development of the United Kingdom (DFID-UK), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). The Trade Facilitation Facility, funded by SIDA, DFID-UK, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the Canadian Agency for International Development (CIDA), generously supported the policy advocacy and implementation activities of this work. This complete report is available on line at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/tourism. TOURISM IN AFRICA Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods Iain Christie, Eneida Fernandes, Hannah Messerli, and Louise Twining-Ward © 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non- commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover design: Blue Marble Creative SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Source: World Bank. TOURISM IN AFRICA | iii CONTENTS Foreword . xi Acknowledgments . xv Abbreviations and Acronyms. xvii . OVERVIEW Tourism in Africa . 1 . Performance . .3 Constraints . .4 . Strategies . 6. The Case Studies . 8 . The Role of Donors . 10 . PART 1 Chapter 1: Introduction . 15 . The Audience for the Report . .15 . Report Methodology . 15 The Evidence Base for the Report . 17. A Note on African Tourism Research . 18 Chapter 2: Why Tourism? . 21 Africa Rising . 21 . Ten Justifications for Tourism . .22 . The Complexities of Tourism . .26 . Managing Tourism’s Risks . 26 Competitiveness . 29. The Role of the Government and Institutional Coordination . 31. Examples of Governments’ Success in Tourism Development . 33. The Role of the Private Sector . 34 . The Role of Donors and the Special Case of Infrastructure . 35 . Chapter 3: Tourism Performance and Potential in SSA . 39. The World Tourism Market . 39. SSA Countries’ Share of the World Tourism Market . .40 . The Value of Tourism to SSA Economies . .41 . Employment in Tourism . 42 Investment in Tourism . 42. CONTENTS | v Chapter 4: Essential Tourism Services . 45. Accommodation . 45. Air Transport . 47 . Road Transport . 51. Tour Operators . 52. Chapter 5: Tourists and Tourism Products in SSA . 55. Tourist Characteristics . 55. Traditional Tourism Products . .56 . New and Emerging Products . .58 . Chapter 6: Constraints to and Solutions for Tourism Growth . 61. A Typology of SSA Countries by Level of Tourism Development . 61 Common Constraints to Tourism Growth in SSA Countries . 63 The Availability of Land for Tourism . 64 . Access to Finance . .66 . Taxes on Tourism Investments . .67 . Low Level of Tourism Skills . 68 Labor Policy . 70 Lack of Security and Safety, and High Crime . 71. Public Health . 72 . Visa Requirements . 72 Red Tape and Bureaucracy . 73. Chapter 7: Strategic Decisions for Tourism Sustainability . .79 . The Scale of Tourism Development . 79 . The Sustainability of the Sector . 83 . The Financing of Tourism and Economic Rents . 90 . Economic Rents . 91. Tourist User Fees . .92 . Environmental Taxes . 93 . Auctions and Leases . 94 . The Case Studies . .95 . Chapter 8: Recommendations for Tourism Development in SSA Countries . 103 Pre-Emerging Countries . 103 . Development Stage Recommendations. .104 . Initiating Tourism . 105 . Scaling Up Tourism . 106. Maintaining and Deepening Success. 107 . PART 2 Case Studies . 109 Learning From Experience . .110 . vi | TOURISM IN AFRICA HARNESSING TOURISM FOR GROWTH AND IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS Chapter 9: The cases . 125 1 . Costa Rica: Ecotourism Certification Case Lapa Rios. .125 . 2 . Cape Verde: Transformation through Tourism . 130 3 . Dominica: The Way Forward for the Caribbean and Beyond? Jungle Bay . 134 4 .The Dominican Republic: Defying the Odds Puerto Plata. .139 . 5 .The Dominican Republic: The Way Forward Future Sector Growth. 150 6 . Dubai: Transformation from Oil to Tourism Nontraditional Economic Growth . 154 . 7 . Egypt: From Time Immemorial Sharm el Sheikh. 158 . 8 . Indonesia: Protecting Cultural Heritage through International Tourism Bali . 163 9 . Indonesia: Nihiwatu on Sumba. .170 . 10 . Jordan: The Integration of Tourism, Transit, and Industry Aqaba . 174 11 . Kenya: Business and Conference Tourism Nairobi . 178 12 . Republic of Korea: Kyongju Tourism. 182 . 13 . Maldives: Incremental Expansion of Tourism and Environmental Management Island Resorts. .186 . 14 . Mauritius: A Determined Competitor National Tourism. 196 . 15 . Mexico:A Resort City Grows Out of the Sand Cancún. 199 . 16 . Morocco: A Failed or Postponed Dream? Bay of Agadir Tourism Project. 206 . 17 . Morocco:Public Support for Private Action Coastal Tourism Development Project. 210 . 18 . Namibia:Land Conservancies Stimulate the Protection of Wildlife Wilderness Travel. 217. 19 . South Africa:Wildlife Tourism and Private Sector Operators & Beyond and Wilderness Safaris . 220 20 . Rwanda: Securing Returns to Community Land and Protecting Gorillas Sabyinyo Silverback Lodge. 224 . 21 . Singapore:Peace and Tranquility Sentosa Island. .226 . 22 . Tanzania: Hiking Mount Kilimanjaro . 229 . 23 . Tunisia: Form Follows Function Infrastructure in Six Zones . 233 . 24 . Turkey’s Tourism Growth: A Government’s Success? South Antalya . 238 BOXES Box 2 .1 Value Chain Analysis . .27 . Box 7 .1 Economic Rent . 91 Box 9 .1 Lapa Rios. 128 . Box 9 .2 Jungle Bay Resort Mission Statement. .137 . Box 9 .3 Puerto Plata Project Components . 141 Box 9 .4 Agencies Responsible for Managing Puerto Plata Infrastructure . 143 Box 9 .5 Hotel Finance. .144 . Box 9 .6 Aqaba Special Economic Zone Vision Statement. .176 . CONTENTS | vii FIGURES Figure I .1: Framework for Progressive Destination Competitiveness . .3 Figure I .2: Geographic Location of Each Case Study . 8. Figure 2 .1: The Transformational Effects of Tourism in Thailand . 22. Figure 2 .2: A Framework for Progressive Tourism Destination Competitiveness 30 Figure 3 .1: International Tourist Arrivals by Region, (millions) 1950–2020 . 39 Figure 3 .2: Top Source Markets for Africa, 2009 . 41. Figure 3 .3: Africa Tourist Arrivals by Region, 2010 . 41 . Figure 3 .4: Tourism and Gross Domestic Product in SSA . 42 . Figure 4 .1: Top 75 Routes by Daily Seat Capacity, August, 2010 . 47. Figure 4 .2 One-way Average Fares: Africa versus Other Regions . 48 Figure 4 .3: Tourism Potential in SSA, 2009 . 52 Figure 5 .1: Typical Mix of Passengers on African Carriers . 56 . Figure 5 .2: Tourism Product Opportunities in SSA . 57 . Figure 6 .1: Visa Requirements for SSA . 73 . Figure II .1: Geographic Location of Each Case Study. .112 . Figure 9 .1: Typical Overall Hotel Expenditure. 179. Figure 9 .2: Wilderness Safaris . .221 . Figure 9 .3: &Beyond Concession, Phinda . 222 Figure 9 .4: Mount Kilimanjaro Tour Package, Cost Category. .231 . Figure 9 .5: Tunisian Public Tourism Organizations . 236 . MAPS Map 9