Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 8 1872 164 NOTES IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE RUNIC MONUMENTS OP KENT. BY THE EEV. DANIEL H. HAIGH. The Runic monuments of Kent are few; but their inscriptions or legends, short as these are, are sufficient to show that they are the work of different, though kindred, tribes or races. I shall notice them in the fol- lowing order:— 1. Two sceattas found in a grave at Sarre, and another at Birchington, the former in the possession of the Kent Archeeological Society, the latter (once Mr. Eolfe's) in the Mayer Museum, Liverpool. 2. A gravestone in the Dover Museum. 3. A gold triens, in the British Museum. 4. Two monumental stones, in the Canterbury Mu- seum. 5. A sword-hilt, from the cemetery at Gilton, now in the Mayer Museum. 6. A gold mancus, origin unknown, in the British Museum. 7. A sceatta found at Sibertswold, now in the posses- sion of the Kent Archseological Society. For the correct interpretation of their legends, a knowledge of the various systems of Eunic writing, which have been handed down to us in MSS. ranging from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, is necessary; and to show the grounds of my own, I propose to lay before my readers a digest of the information we possess I. IT. m. TV. v. ELL i x a & e ff 3. z a 6 y 2 3 if 6 '9 2 Z 3 /t Z 3 Oi FA t H R k X St J f * B n > M K h x W I I 4 vT B * h t * M M AT.* N * I * 5 K a M h !> X S KY t N i 1 * / Ft H f A > B R hXp i 1 f H t I 1 RH fr i Ml h f & K ft B. Mi 1 /X ^ a h b I I T ^M^^ E A R 1 f li LTRiZl 1 4 I-X Jf H* * ^AKItA^11!7 RUNIC MONUMENTS OF KENT. 165 on this subject. In so doing, I shall retrace much of the ground I traversed in the second chapter of my ' Conquest of Britain,' a chapter which I wrote with the object of maintaining, not only that our Angle, Saxon, and Jute forefathers possessed the art of writing when they came to this island in A.D. 428, and so might well have records of their own; but also that every branch of the great Teutonic stock possessed it in common with them, and that their peculiar system was a tradition from a period of very remote antiquity. Since then, a magnificent work on Runic monuments has appeared, the fruit of the indomitable perseverance of my good friend, Professor Stephens,1 a rich treasury of materials for the illustration of this subject, which, whilst they serve to correct some errors of detail into which I had fallen, (chiefly for lack of these very materials), abun- dantly confirm my views. No one will now tell us that the conquerors of Britain were an unlettered race, nor that their runes were derived from Greek*and Roman alphabets. We can trace their system of writing in full activity up to the fourth century of our era; and beyond that period how little do we know of the history of any Teutonic tribe! Yet, of that little, one indisputable fact is this, that they had letters three centuries earlier. I still hold firmly my opinion, that the art of writing, in that peculiar system which we call Runic, was a tradition, descending to historic times from that epoch of unknown anti- quity, when Goths, Franks, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and the rest, were one nation, tribe, or family; and that each of these scions of that ancient race possessed and practised it, until, under the influence of Christian mis sionaries, they adopted in its stead the alphabet of Greece, or the abecedarium of Rome. In this I am 1 ' The Old Northern Uunic Monuments of Scandinavia and England,' by George Stephens, F.8.A. London and Copenhagen, 1866-7. 166 NOTES IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE sorry to say that I have not the advantage of my friend's support. He limits the use of runes to Scan- dinavia and England. Every rune-bearing relic, which the diggings of the last half-century in the cemeteries of France and Germany have revealed, is set down in his grand work as a "wanderer" from a Scandinavian home; and for every MS. authority for the existence of runes in Germany a,n English origin is claimed. It is not my purpose to enter into controversy with him; his " mo- numentum sere perennius" is before the world, and every one who feels an interest in the subject can read and judge for himself. In the interests of what I con- ceive to be the truth, I will endeavour in the following pages to set forth the grounds of my own conviction, that every Teutonic people had their own system' of writing, which, on account of its peculiar order, we call the Futhorc;1 that these futhorcs differed, (as did the dialects of the language they were employed to express), in the forms as well as the values of some of their runes, yet were so nearly alike as to indicate a common origin, however remote, just as the. JEolo-Dorian, Corinthian, Argive, Athenian, Ionian, and Insular alphabets differ from, and resemble, one another; that it is as incorrect to apply systematically the sounds of the runes of the English futhorc to the monuments of other kindred races, and as impossible to read the inscriptions on those monuments by the aid of the English futhorc alone, as it would be to apply the sounds of the Attic alphabet to an old Corinthian monument, or to read a Corinthian inscription with no alphabet but the Attic for a key. I commence, as in my former essay, with that futhorc which is best known, arid of which the monuments are of the greatest importance, and most certain interpretation; and so proceed to those which 1 Its first characters being F, U, TH, 0, R, C. " BUNIC MONUMENTS OF KENT. 167 are least known, and of which we have the fewest monuments. In the accompanying table (PI. 1) I give the old English futhorc from the following MSS.:— a. MS. at Vienna, Salisb. 140. From the orthography of the names of the runes I have inferred in my essay that this MS. is of Northumbrian origin and of the eighth century. I have since learned that W. Grimm regarded it as a transcript from one brought to Germany, in the latter part of that century, by the Northumbrian Arno, (brother of Alcwine), Bishop of Salzburg. This MS. gives twenty-eight characters, but differs from every other authority in the relative position of yr and ear. Fech Ur Thorn Os Eeeda Gen Geofu Uyn Haegil Naed Is Gaer Ih Peord lies Sigil Ti Berc Eh Mon Lagu Ing Daeg Oedil Ac Aes Eor Yr I. MS. at St. Gallen, No. 878, of the ninth century. It is called " Anguliscum," to distinguish it from an alphabet which precedes it, (and which I shall notice in the sequel), and from the Scandinavian futhorc, which is there called "Abecedarium Nord." It gives twenty-nine characters, in what I regard as the correct order; but the 15th, as here represented, is indistin- guishable from the 29th. Neither the names nor the powers of the runes are given. c. MS. Cotton., Otho B. 10. In this the names and powers of the runes are supplied, but a later hand has inserted correc- tions, and those incorrectly. Thus, the 20th is m<m} and every authority (except the following) places man here; the corrector has written deg, and d over the true value, TO. The 24th, (in every other the 23rd), is dceg, as it should be; the corrector has written mann, and m over d. The scribe has given to ior the 28th place instead of the 29th, and to ear the 29th instead of the 28th; and the corrector has inserted tir as the name of the latter. Important variants of the 9th and 13th runes are added, derived from other futhorcs. 168 NOTES IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE Feoh "Or Thorn Os Bad Gen G-yfu Wen Hsegl Nyd Is Ger Boh Peorfch Bollix Sigel Tir Beorc Eh Man. Lagu Ing Ethel Deeg Ac u33sc Tr lar Bar Cweorth Stan Gar d. MS. Cotton., Domitian A. 9. In this futhorc there are several ei'rors, imputable to the writer of the names of the runes. The llth is iac instead of is; the 13th sigel instead of eoh; neither 15th nor 16th named; the 19th is ethel instead of eh; the 20th deg instead of mem; the 23rd manis instead of deg; and the 28th tir as well as ear; as if the scribe of this manuscript were the corrector of the last. Tolx, the name which is omitted over the 15th, is inserted over the 31st, which is really cale; and a rune resembling iolx, but with calc written over it, follows gwr, and a variant of the 24th is added above the line. These are borrowed from another futhorc, to be noticed in the sequel. Over ior is written orent, and over queorth, cii/r. Feoh Ur Thorn Os Bad Gen Gifu Wen Hegel Nead lac Geor Sigel Peord Tir Berc Ethel Deg Lagir Ing Manis Ac JEw Yr Ear lor Cwaaorth lolx Stan Gar Gale e.