Chapter I The Meaning of “Patarino” 1045 to 1329 Storia del Cognome Patarino The Definition of: “patarino” The first use of the Italian word, “patarino” is in 1045, in Milan, Italy. It refers to an organized movement to reform the corrupt practices in the Roman Catholic Church of Milan, which was named the “patarino movement”. The word “patarino” is defined as follows: Patarine (English); Patarene pl Patarino (Italian); Patarini (Italian) pl; Also Paterino (Italian) A member of a medieval group of lay craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants organized in Milan [Italy] about 1058 to generally oppose the Papacy’s moral corruption and temporal powers. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2005) Pataria (Italian) pl Paté or the patee of the Milan dialect, meaning “rags”; named for the Pataria, the “rag pickers” (second-hand merchants) quarter of Milan, where the Patarini assembled (in modern Italian, Paté would be “strascé”). “Patari!” is still the cry of the rag pickers in the small towns around Milan. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2005) The patarini were Milan tradesmen who lived in the 11th Century and were motivated by personal piety. They started a conflict which included partisans of simoniacal archbishops that eventually led to civil war in Milan by the mid 1070’s. The chief targets of the patarini were the rich, secular, aristocratic landowners and the simoniacal and nicolaitan clergy. They contested the ancient rights of the cathedral clergy of Milan and supported the Gregorian Reforms that included opposition to the Church’s practice of clerical simony, marriage, and concubinage. After the patarino movement, the words patarino, patarini and paterine ultimately become synonymous with heresy. The words were used by the Church, the Emperor and others to label people who refused to accept the sacraments and the supremacy of the Church as heretics. The words were used interchangeably with the terms Catharism, Waldensian, Manichaeism and Albigensian even though each medieval movement had a different and separate identity. During the inquisition, many people were killed after being labeled a patarino and thus a heretic. 1045 AD: The “Patarino” Movement In 1045, it became the aspiration of the common people of Milan to return to the ideal model of the Roman Catholic Church as described in the gospels, thus the patarino movement was set in motion. The Patarini (plural for a group of patarino’s) assailed the clergy’s moral corruption in regards to simony, clerical concubinage, and marriage and encouraged greater participation by the laity in religious life. The Patarini drew their support from the Gregorian Reform Popes, including Pope Alexander II and Pope Gregory VII, and formed a broad movement for church reform that led to the resignation of their corrupt rivals. By Giles Michael Patarino 01-2016 Chapter I, Page 8 Storia del Cognome Patarino The patarino movement was also considered a clash between the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire that was known as the, “fight for the investiture” or “lotta delle investiture”. In 1045, the Archbishop of Milan, Ariberto of Intimiano (Archbishop 1018-1045) died and the City assembled a list of four people for succession, which was subject at the time to the approval of Emperor Enrico III of the Holy Roman Empire (1017-1056). The list included Anselmo of Baggio, Landolfo Cotta of Milan, Alciati Arialdo of Carimate, and Attone, who were all famous as honest and virtuous men. Emperor Enrico III, in order to make sure the head of the Church’s archdiocese was tied to the interests of the Empire, selected Guido of Velate as Archbishop (1045-1071), who was a member of the feudal nobility. Both Ariberto and Guido understood their roles in feudal society and their feudal powers extended to a large area of northern Italy. The system of allowing the Emperor to select the leadership of the Church resulted in a system of religious degenerations and the spreading of corruption in the clergy where every ecclesiastical office from the lowest to the highest was for sale and marriage among priests of all grades was common, including Archbishops. The Empire was more interested in the collection of investitures (the sale of each lower church position) since the Archbishop of Milan controlled a large number of Episcopal seats in northern Italy. Thus, the patarino movement was not just about corruption in the church but also about the right of the Church to its own autonomy. The Milan inferior classes (workers and farmers) supported the honest men, Anselmo, Landolfo, Arialdo, and Attone as reform leaders against the newly installed Archbishop Guido, the noble families of Milan, and the Empire. The reform members met for meetings in the second- hand dealers or “rag pickers” quarter of Milan, thus becoming known as the pataria (la contrada dei patari). In 1056, Anselmo, a zealous and eloquent young priest who was a leader of the reform movement, was appointed Bishop of Lucca. In 1057, the pataria supported Arialdo in the “liturgico strike” or “sciopero liturgico”, which boycotted religious functions of priests who were involved in concubinage, marriage, and corruption. The Church, which considered these strikes as heresy, decided at the time to not question the theological motivations of the strike and to support the patarini. At the Lateran Council of 1059, the Church passed severe laws against simony and marriage. The laws threatened all priests who were unwilling to give up their wives or concubines with the loss of their benefices and reading church mass. In 1061, Bishop Anselmo, a leader of the patarino movement, without first having been appointed a Cardinal, was elected Pope (1061-1073) and took the name Pope Alexander II. In order to support the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church over the Holy Roman Emperor, Pope Alexander II openly supported the patarini. In 1065, Emperor Enrico IV accused the members of the patarino movement of being enslaved solely to the Church. After numerous clashes between opposite factions, the enemies of the This marble relief shows the murder of patarino movement in 1066 killed Arialdo, who was a Arialdo da Carimate a patarino; the leader in the movement. In 1068, Pope Alexander II Relief is from a "Medieval revival" chapel canonized Arialdo as a saint. In 1075, the “Dictatus in the Church San Calimero in Milan Papae” was issued by the Church and established that By Giles Michael Patarino 01-2016 Chapter I, Page 9 Storia del Cognome Patarino bishops would be chosen by the Church, not the Empire, and made clerical concubinage and marriage unlawful. By 1089, after years of Papal support, the original ideals of the patarino movement were realized and the movement came to an end. Resources used for this research were as follows: • “Paterine”, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2005. • “History of the Christian Church, Vol. V: The Middle Ages A.D., 1049-1294, The War against Clerical Marriage” by Philip Schaff (1819-1893), Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Etheral Library, www.calverydeltona.org, 2005. • “Italy Year 1048 - The Movement of the Patarino”, www.cronologia.it/storia/aa1048, 2005. • “Timelines”, www.historybookshop.com/timelines/british-isles-1050-99.htm, 2005. • “Pope Alexander II”, www.roma.katolsk.no/pope_alexander02.htm, 2005. • “The Affirmation of Papacy and Empire Between XI and XII Sec”, Civilta Medioevale, www.saecula.it/saecula/capital, 2005 • “Riformisti e movimenti di Riform nei secoli XI-XII”, Middle Ages Erecticale, www.storiamedievale2.net/medieval, 2005. • “The papacy, religious change and church reform, 1049-1125”, by T Reuter, a publication of the TLTP History Courseware Consortium, www.gla.ac.uk/centres/tltphistory/ brochure/papacy/text.htm, 2005 • “Alexander II”, by A. Hauck, www.cblibrary.org/schaff_h/ag/alexander.htm, 2005. • “The dark Middle Ages, Fight Against the Heretical One, the Catari”, by Simonetta, www.cronologia.com/storia/tabello/tabe1546.htm, 2005. • “Life of St. Francis of Assisi” by Paul Sabatier, eBook by the Project Gutenberg, 2006, translated by Louise Seymour Houghton 1919, original copyright 1894, www.gutenberg.org. • H.E.J Cowdrey, “The papacy, the paterenes, and the church of Milan,” Trans. of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series 18 (1968). • H.E.J Cowdrey, “The papacy, the paterenes, and the church of Milan,” Trans. Of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series 18 (1968). • H Teunis, The Failure of the Patarene Movement,” JMH, 5 (1979) 1061 AD In 1061, Anselmo of Baggio, a leader of the patarino movement, was elected Pope and took the name Alexander II (www.roma.katolsk.no). 1066 AD On June 26, 1066, Arialdo of Carimate, a leader of the patarino movement was killed. He was betrayed by a priest of St. Victor Olmo near Milan and captured by the grandson of Archbishop Guido who brought him in for questioning to the castle of Arona on Lake Maggiore. He was horribly tortured and mutilated by two clerics and once dead, he was weighed down by rocks and By Giles Michael Patarino 01-2016 Chapter I, Page 10 Storia del Cognome Patarino thrown into the lake. The following year, his body was found intact and Arialdo was proclaimed a Saint by Pope Alexander II in 1068 who then excommunicated Archbishop Guido of Velate. (I Patarini and Verona in Northern Italy by Rosanna Mutinelli, scaligeri.com) 1184 AD In November 1184, Pope Lucius II (1097-1185) held a synod in Verona which condemned the Cathars, Paterines (Italian: Patarinos), Waldensians and Arnoldists, and excommunicated all those declared as heretics and their abettors. Contrary to what is often said, he did not institute the Inquisition, which was not created until the reign of Pope Gregory IX in 1234. 1215 AD By 1215, Pope Innocent III had still not been able to repress the heretic Patarini. The Pope wrote to clergy and the people to increase the penalties pronounced against heresy but he was unable to stop it; his wrath was all in vain.