THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Development and Significance of the Religious Habit of Men A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Theology and Religious Studies Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Peter F. Killeen Washington, D.C. 2015 The Development and Significance of the Religious Habit of Men Peter F. Killeen, Ph.D. Director: Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D. In light of the diminished status of the religious habit since Vatican II, this dissertation explores the development and significance of the religious habit of male institutes of the Western Church. Currently (2015), many older religious believe that consecrated life may be lived more faithfully without a religious habit, while a high percentage of younger religious desire to wear a habit as a visual expression of their consecration. This difference of opinion is a cause of tension within many religious institutes. Despite tremendous change in the use of the religious habit since Vatican II, the habit has received minimal scholarly attention, and practically none written in English. This dissertation engages the initial legislative texts of numerous religious institutes in an effort to present the historical development of the habit of male religious of the Western Church. It also gives magisterial directives on the habit that have been issued throughout the history of the Church. The dissertation summarizes theological themes that have traditionally been connected to the religious habit, and it engages theological interpretations that have emerged since Vatican II which have contributed to the diminishment of the religious habit. Research into the development and significance of the habit of male religious of the Western Church affirmed the following ideas. First, distinctive attire has nearly always been an important element of male religious life. Second, magisterial directives have consistently aimed to restore the discipline of the habit when that discipline grew weak and to promote the habit in connection to poverty. Third, the religious habit has traditionally been connected with the notions of consecration, group identity, and rupture with the world. Lastly, the diminishment of the religious habit in the post- Vatican II period has been particularly influenced by the following ideas present in the documents of Vatican II: the “Universal Call to Holiness in the Church,” the Church’s “turn toward the world,” and a renewed emphasis on baptism as the fundamental source of the dignity of every Christian. Time will reveal if future generations of male religious give the habit a more prominent role than it has been given in the fifty years since Vatican II. Readers who may wish to contact the author are welcome to do so at [email protected]. This dissertation by Peter F. Killeen fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Spirituality approved by Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D., as Director, and by Margaret Schreiber, S.T.D. and Gabriel O’Donnell, S.T.D. as Readers. ____________________________________ Raymond Studzinski, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Margaret Schreiber, S.T.D. ____________________________________ Gabriel O’Donnell, S.T.D. ii CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………......ii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………..iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….…………………………………………………………...vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….1 A. The Religious Habit of Men as a Topic of Inquiry…………………………………...1 B. Purpose and Methodology of this Dissertation…………….………………………...5 C. Clarification of Terminology…………………………………………………………...9 CHAPTER 2: THE RELIGIOUS HABIT OF MEN IN LATE ANTIQUITY…………….…12 A. Unmarried Ascetics Living in Population Centers (2nd c. - 3rd c.)…………….…13 B. The Development of Christian Monasticism in the East (3rd c. - 5th c.)………….15 C. Desert Hermits in the East (3rd c. - 5th c.)…………………………………………...17 D. Cenobitic Monasticism in the East (4th c.)…………………………………………..22 E. Cenobitic Monasticism in the West (4th c. - 6th c.)…………………………………38 F. The Habit of the Black Monks (6th c.).……………………………………………….50 G. Summary………………………………………………………………………………..56 CHAPTER 3: THE RELIGIOUS HABIT OF MEN DURING THE MIDDLE AGES……..58 A. The Habit of the Black Monks in the High Middle Ages (6th c. - 9th c.)…………59 B. Monastic Renewal (10th c. - 12th c.)…..………………………………………….…..62 C. Mendicant Orders (13th c. - 15th c.)…………………………………………….……70 D. Transformation of Men’s Fashion (14th c. - 15th c.)…………………………..….…84 E. Summary………………………………………………………………………….….…84 CHAPTER 4: THE RELIGIOUS HABIT OF MEN DURING THE MODERN ERA……..86 A. Clerics Regular (16th c.)……………………………………………………….………87 B. Triumph of the Catholic Reform (17th c. – 18th c.)………………………..………..94 C. Summary…………………………………………………………………….………...107 iii CHAPTER 5: MAGISTERIAL STATEMENTS WITH BEARING ON THE HABIT……108 A. Pope Celestine I (428)…………………………………………………….…………..108 B. Council of Chalcedon (451)…………………………………………….……………110 C. Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-70)………………………….……………..110 D. Ut Periculoso (1298)……………..……………………………………..………………112 E. Council of Vienne (1312-13)………………………………………...………………..113 F. Council of Constance (1414-18)………………………………...……………………116 G. Council of Trent (1545-63)………………………………….………………………...117 H. Twentieth Century Legislation Previous to Vatican II……..……………………..121 I. Summary………………………………………………………………………………123 CHAPTER 6: THE RELIGIOUS HABIT AS WITNESS……………………………………124 A. Rupture with the World……………………………………………………………...125 B. Group Identity………………………………………………………………………...136 C. Consecration………………………………………………………………………..…145 D. Poverty…………………………………………………………………………………153 E. Summary………………………………………………………………………………166 CHAPTER 7: MAGISTERIAL STATEMENTS ON THE HABIT SINCE VATICAN II...168 A. Perfectae Caritatis (1965)……..……………….……..…………………...……………168 B. Ecclesiae Sanctae (1966)……………………………………………………………..…172 C. Speech of Paul VI to Superiors General of Women Religious (1967)...………….174 D. Evangelica Testificatio (1971)………………………………………………………….174 E. SCRIS Letter on the Religious Habit (1972)……………………………….………..175 F. Early Magisterium of John Paul II (1978-82)……………………………………….178 G. Code of Canon Law (1983)……………………………………………………………..180 H. Essential Elements (1983)……………………………………………………………...185 I. Vita Consecrata (1996) ………………………………………………………………...187 J. Summary………………………………………………………………………………190 CHAPTER 8: CHANGES IN UNIVERSAL AND PARTICULAR LEGISLATION…….192 A. Canons in the 1917 Code of Canon Law and Its 1983 Revision………………..…...193 B. Legislation of Religious Institutes: Before Vatican II and Today………………...196 C. St. Meinrad Archabbey……………………………………………………………….197 D. Order of Friars Minor………………………………………………………………...200 E. Order of Friars Preachers…………………………………………………………….204 F. Society of Jesus………………………………………………………………………..210 iv G. Brothers of the Christian Schools………………………………….………………...215 H. Summary………………………………………………………………………………220 CHAPTER 9: DIMINISHMENT OF THE HABIT IN THE POST-VATICAN II ERA….222 A. The Fundamental Dignity of All Members of the Church……………………..…224 B. The Universal Call to Holiness in the Church……………………………………..228 C. Deemphasizing Religious Consecration………………………………….…..…….232 D. The Church’s Turn Toward the World…………..…………………………………235 E. Other Reasons for the Diminishment of the Religious Habit…………….………242 F. Contemporary Theologians on the Diminishment of the Religious Habit……..247 G. Summary………………………………………………………………………………254 CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………257 A. What Has This Research Accomplished?..................................................................257 B. Implications of this Research for the Future of the Religious Habit of Men……264 C. Further Research Projects……………………………………………………………273 D. A Final Word………………………………………………………………………….277 BIBLIOGRAPHY……….…………………………………………………………………..…279 Primary Sources………..…………………………………………………………………279 Secondary Sources..………………………………………………………………………290 AUTHOR’S CONTACT INFORMATION ……………………..…………………….........302 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Commentarium Officiale. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1909- ACW Ancient Christian Writers ADP Acta et Documenta Concilio Oecumenico Vaticano II Apparando: Series Secunda (Praeparatoria). Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1964-95. ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. A. Coxe. 10 volumes. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994. CL Cahiers Lasalliens. Rome: Maison Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, 1959- CS Cistercian Studies Series CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Scriptores Syri. Louvain: Peeters, 1919- DIP Dizionario Degli Istituti di Perfezione. 10 volumes. Rome: Edizioni Paoline, 1974-2003. DSp Dictionnaire de Spiritualité. Paris: Beauchesne, 1932- FCh Fathers of the Church. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America, 1947- NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, first series, ed. Phillip Schaff. 14 volumes. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994. NPNF2 Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, second series, eds. Phillip Schaff and Henry Wace. 14 volumes. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1952. PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, ed. J. P. Migne. 162 volumes. Paris: J. P. Migne, 1857-66. PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J. P. Migne. 221 volumes. Paris: J. P. Migne, 1878-90. SCh Sources Chrétiennes vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With gratitude to Almighty God, I would like to express my appreciation to Fr. Raymond Studzinski OSB, for his guidance