MODERN THEORY OF INFORMATION - STRUCTURED AND KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM DESIGN SAID KRAYEM ZLÍN 2016 ABSTRACT This keynote will address the challenges in the digital engineering field with a specific focus on analyzing security and harnessing the gaps that exist and the progress that needs to be made in the coming decade. The state–based Event-B formal method relies on the concept of correct step-by-step development ensured by discharging corresponding proof obligations. The CommonKADS methodology is a collection of structured methods for building knowledge-based systems. A key component of CommonKADS is the library of generic inference models which can by applied to tasks of specified types. These generic models can either be used as frameworks for knowledge acquisition or to verify the completness of models developed by an analysis of the domain. Key words: System, Knowledge Representation, Expert System Design, Knowledge-based Systems, Knowledge Engineering, Formal Methods, events, action, machine and context ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The most important person I would like to thank is my room-mate Susan. Having Susan as a room-mate gives you the freedom to pursue your individual interest. Furthermore, she gives you the feeling that you can do something useful. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 8 1 SYSTEM DEFINITION .............................................................................................. 9 1.1 SYSTEM ENGINEERING .......................................................................................... 13 1.1.1 RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 15 1.1.2 PROCEDURES .................................................................................................... 16 1.1.3 DATA/INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 16 1.1.4 INTERMEDIATE DATA ......................................................................................... 16 1.1.5 PROCESSES ....................................................................................................... 16 1.1.6 OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................ 17 1.1.7 STANDARDS ....................................................................................................... 17 1.1.8 ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 17 1.1.9 FEED-BACK ...................................................................................................... 17 1.1.10 BOUNDARIES AND INTERFACES ........................................................................ 18 1.2 PHYSICAL AND ABSTRACT SYSTEMS .................................................................... 18 1.3 OPEN/CLOSED SYSTEMS .............................................................................................. 18 2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 19 2.1 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS .................................................................. 22 2.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ............................................................... 22 2.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS ............................................................................... 22 2.3.1 DECISION TREE ................................................................................................. 23 2.3.2 DRAWING DECISION TREES ............................................................................... 23 2.3.3 EVAULATING DECISION TREES ........................................................................... 24 2.4 DECISION TREE BUILDING BLOCKS ........................................................................ 26 2.4.1 DECISION RULES ............................................................................................... 26 2.4.2 DECISION TREES USING FLOWCHART SYMBOLS .................................................... 27 2.4.3 ANALYSIS EXAMPLE ........................................................................................... 27 2.4.4 INFLUENCE DIAGRAM ........................................................................................ 28 2.4.5 APPLICABILITY IN VALUE INFORMATION .......................................................... 29 2.5 CONCLUSION — ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ......................................... 30 2.6 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ................................................................. 31 3 KNOWLEDGE BASE ............................................................................................... 31 3.1 KNOWLEDGE BASE REASONING ............................................................................. 34 3.2 USE OF LOGIC ........................................................................................................ 35 3.3 REASONING UNDER UNCERTAINTY ........................................................................ 36 3.4 TYPES OF REASONING SYSTEM .............................................................................. 37 3.4.1 CONSTRAINT SOLVERS ....................................................................................... 37 3.4.2 THEOREM PROVERS ........................................................................................... 37 3.4.3 LOGIC PROGRAMS ............................................................................................. 37 3.4.4 RULE ENGINES .................................................................................................. 38 3.4.5 DEDUCTIVE CLASSIFIER ..................................................................................... 38 3.4.6 MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 38 3.4.7 PROCEDURAL REASONING SYSTEMS .................................................................... 39 3.4.8 CASE-BASED REASONING ................................................................................... 39 3.4.9 CASE-BASED REASONING AND LOGICAL REASONING ............................................ 45 3.4.10 COMMON-SENSE REASONING ............................................................................. 46 4 KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS ........................................................................ 47 4.1 KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM STRUCTURE ........................................................... 49 4.2 KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS ....................................... 50 4.3 KADS: A MODELING APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING .......................... 50 4.4 THE COMMONKADS METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 51 4.5 MODELS SET ......................................................................................................... 52 4.5.1 ORGANIZATION MODEL ...................................................................................... 52 4.5.2 TASK MODEL ..................................................................................................... 52 4.5.3 AGENT MODEL .................................................................................................. 53 4.5.4 COMMUNICATION MODEL .................................................................................. 53 4.5.5 KNOWLEDGE MODEL ......................................................................................... 53 4.5.6 DESIGN MODEL ................................................................................................. 53 4.5.7 DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE ....................................................................................... 54 4.5.8 INFERENCE KNOWLEDGE ................................................................................... 54 4.5.9 TASK KNOWLEDGE ............................................................................................ 54 4.5.10 PROBLEM-SOLVING METHODS .......................................................................... 54 4.5.11 STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE .................................................................................. 54 4.6 ROLES ................................................................................................................... 54 4.6.1 KNOWLEDGE PROVIDER/SPECIALIST ................................................................... 55 4.6.2 KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER/ANALYST....................................................................... 55 4.6.3 KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM DEVELOPER ...................................................................... 55 4.6.4 KNOWLEDGE USER ............................................................................................ 56 4.6.5 PROJECT MANAGER ........................................................................................... 56 4.6.6 KNOWLEDGE MANAGER ..................................................................................... 56 4.6.7 VIEWS ON KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION ................................................................ 56 4.6.8 PRINCIPLE 1: MULTIPLE MODELS ..................................................................... 58 4.6.9 ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL, APPLICATION MODEL AND TASK MODEL ...................... 59 4.6.10 MODEL OF COOPERATION ................................................................................. 62 4.6.11 MODEL OF EXPERTISE ....................................................................................... 62