Reading Autobiographical Comics: A Framework for Educational Settings ANGLO-AMERIKANISCHE STUDIEN ANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES Literatur, Kultur und Didaktik Literature, Culture and Teaching Herausgegeben von / Edited by Rüdiger Ahrens, Maria Eisenmann und / and Laurenz Volkmann Volume 64 Zu Qualitätssicherung und Peer Review Notes on the quality assurance der vorliegenden Publikation and peer review of this publication Die Qualität der in dieser Reihe Prior to publication, erscheinenden Arbeiten wird the quality of the work vor der Publikation durch published in this series is reviewed Herausgeber der Reihe geprüft. by editors of the series. ANGLO-AMERIKANISCHE STUDIEN Markus Oppolzer ANGLO-AMERICAN STUDIES Literatur, Kultur und Didaktik Literature, Culture and Teaching Herausgegeben von / Edited by Rüdiger Ahrens, Maria Eisenmann und / and Laurenz Volkmann Reading Autobiographical Comics: A Framework for Educational Settings Volume 64 Zu Qualitätssicherung und Peer Review Notes on the quality assurance der vorliegenden Publikation and peer review of this publication Die Qualität der in dieser Reihe Prior to publication, erscheinenden Arbeiten wird the quality of the work vor der Publikation durch published in this series is reviewed Herausgeber der Reihe geprüft. by editors of the series. Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Printed with the support of the Department of English and American Studies and the Stiftungs- und Förderungsgesellschaft of the University of Salzburg. Open Access Funding was provided by the University of Salzburg. Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck ISSN 0177-6959 ISBN 978-3-631-81088-0 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-631-82338-5 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-82339-2 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-82340-8 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b17018 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ © Markus Oppolzer, 2020 Peter Lang – Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Acknowledgements The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Without the generous support of the University of Salzburg this publication would Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data not have been possible in its present form. Most of all, I appreciate the opportunity A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for to make my book available via Open Access, which means that anyone who is at the Library of Congress. interested in teaching literature, comics and auto/biography can download it for free. I had access to all the (re)sources I could ask for through our library service Printed with the support of the Department of English and American Studies and and I was able to attend all the conferences I was interested in, especially those of the Stiftungs- und Förderungsgesellschaft of the University of Salzburg. the German Society for Comics Studies (ComFor), whose fellow members I want to thank for all their support throughout the years. The Department of English and Open Access Funding was provided by the University of Salzburg. American Studies was instrumental in co-funding the print publication. Extensive feedback from students has helped me to test and clarify the stages of reading that Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck I present in the second part, but also to evaluate existing theories and to ques- tion concepts I took for granted. I am especially grateful to Craig Thompson for ISSN 0177-6959 allowing me to reproduce so many panels and pages from Blankets (2003). Finally, ISBN 978-3-631-81088-0 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-631-82338-5 (E-PDF) I extend my gratitude to my family and especially to my wife Eva, who has been E-ISBN 978-3-631-82339-2 (EPUB) incredibly patient and supportive throughout the whole process. E-ISBN 978-3-631-82340-8 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b17018 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ © Markus Oppolzer, 2020 Peter Lang – Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11 ..................................................................... 23 1 Reader-Response Criticism 1.1 Reading as a Journey .................................................................................. 23 1.2 Rosenblatt’s Transactional Theory ............................................................ 26 1.3 Frames .......................................................................................................... 30 1.4 Iser’s Model of Meaning-Making .............................................................. 36 1.5 The Overdetermination of Literary Texts ................................................ 50 ................................................... 61 2 Transaction in Educational Settings 2.1 The Ease of Reading .................................................................................... 61 2.2 The Teacher of Literature as a Facilitator ................................................. 74 2.3 Reading in Stages ........................................................................................ 82 Stage 1: Framing ............................................................................................. 90 Stage 2: Reading ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93 Stage 3: Think-Tank ....................................................................................... 98 Stage 4: Lockstep ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 101 Stage 5: Rereading ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106 Stage 6: Conclusions .................................................................................... 109 Stage 7: Closure �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111 2.4 Learner Texts & Activities ........................................................................ 115 .................................................................. 123 3 Cognitive (Literary) Studies 3.1 The Return of the Reader ......................................................................... 123 3.2 Mental Models ........................................................................................... 127 3.3 Emotions & Empathy ............................................................................... 140 8 Contents 3.3.1 The Feeling of What Happens .......................................................... 140 3.3.2 Types of Reading-Related Feelings �������������������������������������������������� 144 3.3.3 Transportation ................................................................................... 153 3.3.4 Empathy .............................................................................................. 157 3.4 Embodied Cognition & Enactivism ....................................................... 174 3.5 Conceptual Metaphors & Blending ........................................................ 187 3.5.1 Basic Principles .................................................................................. 187 3.5.2 Metaphors ........................................................................................... 192 3.5.3 Metonymies ........................................................................................ 200 3.5.4 Blending .............................................................................................. 203 3.6 Blending & Literary Studies ..................................................................... 213 ....................................................... 229 4 Cognitive Approaches to Comics 4.1 Synopsis ...................................................................................................... 229 4.2 Definitions ................................................................................................. 240 4.3 Cartooning ................................................................................................. 247 4.4 An Art of Tensions .................................................................................... 262 4.4.1 Words vs. Images ............................................................................... 262 4.4.2 Image vs. Series/Sequence ���������������������������������������������������������������� 278 4.4.3 Sequence vs. Page .............................................................................. 297 4.4.4 Experience vs. Object ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 306 4.5 A Cognitive Reading of Craig Thompson’s Blankets (Chapter I) ....... 321 ...................................................................... 337 5 Autobiographical