Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2017-2021 . TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAN PREPARATION TEAM ................................................................................................................................. 1 CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND PREPARATION PROCESS.......................................................................................... 2 1.1 AIM OF THE PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 FACILITATING ELEMENT IN CONSERVATION: INHABITANTS OF BERGAMA, FRIENDS OF BERGAMA .... 3 1.3 LEGAL BASIS AND GROUNDS OF THE PLAN............................................................................................ 4 1.4 PREPARATION PROCESS AND APPROVAL OF THE PLAN ........................................................................ 7 2 BERGAMA: ENTRUSTMENT TO FUTURE GENERATIONs ............................................................................. 9 2.1 WORLD HERITAGE SITE: MULTI LAYERED CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF BERGAMA ................................ 10 2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT THAT CREATED THE UNIVERSAL VALUES OF BERGAMA ......................... 14 2.3 INSCRIPTION CRITERIA OF BERGAMA ON UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST: ....................................... 32 2.4 INTEGRITY ............................................................................................................................................ 39 2.5 AUTHENTICITY ...................................................................................................................................... 39 2.6 INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE: LIVING IN BERGAMA AND ITS ENVIRONMENTS: ......................... 40 2.7 NATURAL HERITAGE SITES: BERGAMA’S SOURCE OF LIFE ................................................................... 59 3 DESIGN OF THE PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 63 3.1 STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTICIPATION .................................................................................................. 63 3.2 FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN CONSERVATION ......................................................................................... 68 3.3 OTHER PLANS FOR CONSERVATION AND THEIR FIELDS OF INFLUENCE .............................................. 71 3.4 MANAGING DIFFERENT RICHES TOGETHER: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES/ MONUMENTS/ URBAN TEXTURE/ NATURAL HERITAGE/ DAILY LIFE/ COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT .................................................... 74 3.5 ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION (SWOT) ................................................................................. 77 4. STRATEGY OF THE PLAN ......................................................................................................................... 78 VISION: .............................................................................................................................................................. 78 MISSION: ........................................................................................................................................................... 78 STRATEGIC GOALS AND TARGETS: .................................................................................................................... 79 5 SUSTAINABILITY AND MONITORING OF THE PLAN ................................................................................. 81 6 ACTION PLAN: ........................................................................................................................................ 84 i ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................................... 108 ANNEX 1: ...................................................................................................................................................... 109 Works That Are Carried Out During the Nomination Process of Bergama for UNESCO World Heritage List and the Preparation Framework for Bergama Site Management Plan ................................................................. 109 2011: ............................................................................................................................................................... 110 2012: ............................................................................................................................................................... 111 2013: ............................................................................................................................................................... 114 2014: ............................................................................................................................................................... 117 2015: ............................................................................................................................................................... 119 2016 ................................................................................................................................................................ 121 ANNEX 2: ...................................................................................................................................................... 125 MANAGEMENT SITE ...................................................................................................................................... 125 PLATE OF URBAN SITES ................................................................................................................................. 126 ANNEX 3: BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 127 PUBLICATIONS EXHIBITING PERGAMON MULTI-LAYERED CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUES ...................................................................................................................................... 127 ANNEX 4: ...................................................................................................................................................... 132 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................................... 132 ANNEX 5 ....................................................................................................................................................... 142 CONTACT INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................. 142 ii PLAN PREPARATION TEAM Yaşagül Ekinci, Site Manager, Trakya University, Expert in Political Science and Public Administration Bülent Türkmen, Bergama Municipality, MA. Archaeologist Fatih Kurunaz, Bergama Municipality, Architect Nesrin Ermiş, Bergama Municipality, Philologist Hatice Özdemir Demir, İzmir Metropolitan Municipality, Art Historian Yıldıray Kanat, Bergama Municipality, Building Technician Pınar Altan, Bergama Municipality, City Planner Özlem İnce, Bergama Municipality, City Planner Necip Esin, Bergama Municipality, Survey Engineer İsmail Kalkın, Bergama Municipality, International Relations Expert Ayşe Göldaş, Bergama Municipality, Archaeologist Kasım Parlak, Bergama Municipality, Sociologist Fatma Karacaoğlu, Bergama Municipality, Restorator Neslihan Çelik, International Relations Expert Şebnem Yurdakul, Economist Derya Dinçer, MA. Business Management CONTRIBUTORS Bergama Culture and Art Foundation Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums (KÜVAM) 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND PREPARATION PROCESS 1.1 AIM OF THE PLAN Intensive work had been carried out within the Bergama Municipality since 2011 for the inscription on UNESCO World Heritage List. As a result, Bergama, with multilayers belonging to different cultures and its outstanding universal values which have been shaped up as a union of these layers, has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List in June 2014. Definition of the universal value of Bergama, in accordance to the Operational Guidelines for UNESCO World Heritage Sites established the focus of this work. Following this preliminary work, answers were searched for questions on how these universal values are to be conserved by whom; they will be conserved as well as the priority of the actions that are required for conservation. The main objective for the preparation of these plans is establishing a mechanism which is capable of answering any question that can be asked concerning Bergama and Conservation. This mechanism perceives Bergama with all its riches; harmonizes and coordinates any persons or institutions that will work for the conservation of these riches and for handing them down to posterity. 2 1.2 FACILITATING ELEMENT IN CONSERVATION: INHABITANTS OF BERGAMA, FRIENDS OF BERGAMA Bergama has been trying to conserve its rich archaeological, urban and natural heritage within the norms of national conservation at every level possible over a long period of time. Campaigns have been organized in order to conserve the heritage of the city at various times. These campaigns have been against gold mines, against submersion of archaeological remains under reservoirs of dams, and for claiming the return of the archaeological