Project on Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management Submitted By: Vikas Vashista (2K18/EMBA/540) Under the Guidance of: Mr. Yashdeep Singh Assistant Professor DELHI SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Delhi Technological University Bawana Road Delhi 110042 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the minor report titled “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. Vikas Vashista of EMBA 2018-20 and submitted to Delhi School of Management, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi-42 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Executive Masters of Business Administration. Signature of Guide Signature of Head (DSM) (Yashdeep Singh) Assistant Professor, DSM Seal of Head Place: Date: “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” P a g e 1 | 95 DECLARATION I, Vikas Vashista, student of EMBA 2018-20 of Delhi School of Management, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi – 42, hereby declare that the dissertation report “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” submitted in partial fulfilment of Degree of Executive Masters of Business Administration is the original work conducted by me. The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This report is not being submitted to any other University, for award of any other Degree, Diploma or Fellowship. Place: (Vikas Vashista) Date: “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” P a g e 2 | 95 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my Guide, Mr. Yashdeep Singh (Assistant Professor, Delhi School of Management, DTU) for his support and valuable guidance throughout the duration of the project. In the journey of this project from my bottom of hearth I want to thank to him, for his patience for providing me with a goal- oriented approach towards this project and for the constant encouragement & support at every stage. My sincere gratitude goes out to my all the professors of DSM, whose teaching gave many valuable inputs for completion of this project. Vikas Vashista (2K18/EMBA/540) “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” P a g e 3 | 95 Table of Contents DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. Literature review ............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 3 – Blockchain .................................................................................................................... 14 3.1. Disrupting the business of trust – the emergence of blockchain technology ....................... 14 3.2. How Blockchain Technology Works – An Overview of Key Features ................................. 17 3.3. Consensus Algorithms...................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4 - Blockchain technology implementation examples .......................................................... 32 4.1. Citizen Services – Provisioning Digital Identities ............................................................... 32 4.2. Retail – Encouraging and Ensuring Ethical, Sustainable Consumption .............................. 33 4.3. Life Sciences and Healthcare – Enabling a Single Source of Truth ................................... 34 4.4. Automotive and Manufacturing – Managing Physical Assets with Blockchain .................... 35 4.5. Energy – Eliminating Marketplace Inefficiencies................................................................ 38 4.6. Fighting counterfeit pharmaceutical goods through Blockchain ......................................... 39 4.7. Blockchain in logistics....................................................................................................... 41 4.8. Faster and Leaner Logistics in Global Trade ..................................................................... 43 4.9. Improving Transparency and Traceability in Supply Chains .............................................. 45 4.10. Automating Commercial Processes in Logistics with Smart Contracts ........................... 45 Chapter 5 – Blockchain: A new model for Health Information Exchanges ......................................... 48 5.1. Fixing healthcare: Measuring and responding to a need ................................................... 49 5.1.1. Measuring stakeholder responsiveness within healthcare ......................................... 49 5.2. Establishing trust among stakeholders .............................................................................. 50 5.3. Addressing roadblocks to reinventing healthcare .............................................................. 51 5.4. Deciding when to implement blockchain technology.......................................................... 52 5.5.1. Early steps toward implementation............................................................................ 54 5.5.2. The healthcare ecosystem supply chain .................................................................... 56 5.5.3. The pharmaceutical supply chain: Risks and challenges ........................................... 57 5.5.4. Blockchain solutions to the pharmaceutical supply chain ........................................... 59 5.5.5. Internet of Things healthcare .................................................................................... 60 5.5.6. Clinical administration ............................................................................................... 62 5.5. Blockchain as an enabler of nationwide interoperability..................................................... 63 5.5.1. Toward blockchain interoperability ............................................................................ 65 5.5.2. Interoperability and electronic health records ............................................................ 66 5.5.3. Challenges to EHRs and data interoperability ........................................................... 67 5.5.4. Example- EHR interoperability problem in Germany .................................................. 67 5.5.5. The danger of fraudulent practices ............................................................................ 68 “Blockchain based Health Informatics for Pandemic Management” P a g e 4 | 95 5.5.6. The danger of cyberattacks....................................................................................... 68 5.5.7. Where interoperability shows promise ....................................................................... 68 5.5.8. Interoperability standards .......................................................................................... 70 5.6. Block Chain Implementation challenges and considerations ............................................. 72 5.6.1. Scalability constraints: trade-offs between transaction volumes and available computing power ..................................................................................................................... 72 5.6.2. Data standardization and scope ................................................................................ 72 5.6.3. Adoption and incentives for participation ................................................................... 72 5.6.4. Costs of operating blockchain technology ................................................................. 73 5.6.5. Regulatory considerations ........................................................................................ 73 5.7. Shaping the Blockchain Future ......................................................................................... 74 6.1.1. Map and convene the ecosystem .............................................................................. 74 6.1.2. Establish a consortium to experiment ........................................................................ 74 6.1.3. Design and execute experiments .............................................................................. 74 6.1.4. Consider the investment ........................................................................................... 75 6.1.5. Establish suggested guidelines for blockchain in health care ..................................... 75 Chapter 6 - Health Informatics based framework for Pandemic Management ................................... 76 6.1. Self-sovereign identity and shared data ............................................................................ 76 6.1.1. Why should we care about our medical data? ........................................................... 77 6.1.2. The self-sovereign identity in the time of pandemics.................................................. 78 6.1.3. But how could we help officials in a pandemic? ......................................................... 79 6.1.4. Transitioning to a new paradigm for identity and personal data ................................. 80 6.2. Creating a rapid response registry for the workforce ........................................................