A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION OF ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF WORKING IN THE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PUNJAB By Muhammad Asghar Ali NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD October 2011 2 A STUDY OF JOB SATISFACTION OF ACADEMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF WORKING IN THE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SYSTEM OF PUNJAB By Muhammad Asghar Ali M.Sc, M.Ed A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Education To FACULTY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED STUDIES AND RESEARCH (Education) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES, ISLAMABAD October 2011 © Muhammad Asghar Ali, 2011 3 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED STUDIES & RESEARCH THESIS/DISSERTATION AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defence, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of Advanced Integrated Studies & Research for acceptance: Thesis/ Dissertation Title: A Study of Job Satisfaction of Academic and Administrative Staff Working in the Elementary Education System of Punjab Submitted By: Muhammad Asghar Ali Registration #: 280-M Phil/Edn/2007 (Jan) Name of Student DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY _________ Degree Name in Full (e.g. Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy) EDUCATION___________ Name of Discipline Dr. Tanveer-uz-Zaman ___________ _____________________________ Name of Research Supervisor Signature of Research Supervisor Dr. Shazara Munnawer _________ ______________________________ Name of Dean (FAISR) Signature of Dean (FAISR) Maj. Gen. ® Masood Hasan _______ ___________________________ Name of Rector Signature of Rector _______________________ Date 4 CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM I __Muhammad Asghar Ali_____ Son of _Muhammad Sharif______ Registration # _280-M Phil/Edn/ 2007 (Jan) Discipline ____Education_________ Candidate of _DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY_______ at the National University of Modern Languages do hereby declare that the thesis (Title): A Study of Job Satisfaction of Academic and Administrative Staff Working in the Elementary Education System of Punjab Submitted by me in partial fulfillment of PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. _____________________________ ______________ Signature of Candidate Date MUHAMMAD ASGHAR ALI ___ Name of Candidate 5 ABSTRACT Thesis Title: A Study of Job Satisfaction of Academic and Administrative Staff working in Elementary Education System of the Punjab Job satisfaction of academic and administrative staff of elementary education is very vital because teaching and administration at elementary level is venerated and sensitive job. Job satisfaction has been a question mark and in debate by the researchers since long. It gained much importance due to its significance for the achievement of objectives of any organization. The purpose of this study was to explore job satisfaction of academic and administrative staff working in the Elementary Education System of Punjab. The respondents for this study were academic and administrative staff taken of two Districts of Punjab i.e. Sahiwal and Rawalpindi. The overall response rate was 88%. Fifty seven Assistant Education Officers, 261 Headmasters, and 522 Teachers responded the questionnaire. Majority of the respondents n=702, 83.6% were from the rural area while n=138, 16.4% from urban area. Overall response rate of females was more than the male staff. 63% of the whole sample was of more than 40 years of age. Majority of respondents were having master degree. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to collect data from the respondents. Stratified random sampling technique was used to take the sample from population. After seeking permission for survey from Executive District Officer (Education) Sahiwal and Rawalpindi; the researcher send questionnaire through mail to the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data. Frequencies and percentages along with mean value of responses were tabulated and calculated. The t-test was applied to know the difference of means and Pearson r value was also calculated. The findings of study show that as whole respondents were satisfied with their job. However they were not satisfied with three dimensions (out of twenty) of the job i.e., „advancement‟, „Education Policies‟ and „compensation‟. No significant differences between job satisfaction of academic and administrative staff was found as a whole. However, by parts a significant difference of job satisfaction was found between academic and administrative staff from District Sahiwal. Similarly a significant difference of job satisfaction observed between male and female teachers from District Sahiwal. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page No THESIS AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM .............................................. II CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM ........................................................ III ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ VIII LIST OF GRAPHS AND FIGURES ............................................................ XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... XIV I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Rationale of the Study ........................................................................................ 6 Statement of the problem ................................................................................... 6 Objectives of the study....................................................................................... 7 Research Question ............................................................................................. 7 Hypotheses of the study ..................................................................................... 7 Significance of the study .................................................................................... 8 Delimitation of the study ................................................................................... 9 Definition of terms ............................................................................................ 9 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....................................................... 11 Elementary Education ...................................................................................... 11 Elementary school ............................................................................................ 12 Elementary teacher........................................................................................... 13 Administrators at Elementary level ................................................................. 13 Importance of Elementary Education .............................................................. 15 Structure of Elementary Education in Pakistan ............................................... 17 National Education Policies of Pakistan and Elementary Education ............... 18 Five Year Plans and Elementary Education in Pakistan ................................. 26 Concept of Job satisfaction .............................................................................. 30 Theories of job satisfaction .............................................................................. 34 Content theories .............................................................................................. 34 Process theories ................................................................................................ 37 Situational theories .......................................................................................... 39 Theory of Work Adjustment ............................................................................ 39 Measuring job satisfaction .............................................................................. 42 Factors affecting job satisfaction .................................................................... 45 Benefits/Importance of job satisfaction studies .............................................. 47 Demographical variables and job satisfaction ................................................. 49 Sources of job satisfaction .............................................................................. 52 7 Causes of dissatisfaction ................................................................................. 53 Research studies on job satisfaction ............................................................... 54 III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................... 62 Research Design............................................................................................... 62 Population of the study ...................................................................................