ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SANCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS: THE CASES OF BURUNDI AND ZIMBABWE BY BONSA DURESSA DECEMBER, 2016 ADDIS ABABA 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SANCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON BASIC RIGHTS AND LIVELIHOODS OF THE PEOPLE: THE CASES OF BURUNDI AND ZIMBABWE THESIS SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BY: BONSA DURESSA ADVISOR: DR. SOLOMON MEBREI OCTOBER, 2016 2 ADDIS ABABA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SANCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS: THE CASES OF BURUNDI AND ZIMBABWE BY BONSA DURESSA APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS __________________ ________________ _____________ ADVISORSIGNATURE DATE __________________ _______________ _____________ EXAMINERSIGNATURE DATE __________________________________ _____________ EXAMINERSIGNATURE DATE 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ilook back at my long journeys,as I complete this Thesis, andnoted that I have not walked it alone. My first thanks and gratitude go to Dr. Solomon Mebrei, my thesis advisor, for his invaluable support and scholarly advice. This Thesis would not have been possible without his insightful comments and guidance. I’m also thankful to those individuals working in Embassy of Burundi in Ethiopia, Embassy of Zimbabwe in Ethiopia, African Union and Center for Human Rights at Addis Ababa University for arranging the time (for interview) from their busy schedules and for providing me ample information and relevant documents. Finally, I would like to thank my teachers at all levels, my family and friends for their unceasing encouragement and support. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... iv List of Graphs ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................... vii Chapter One ...................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background of the Study .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 2 1.3. Objective of the Study ...................................................................................... 3 1.4. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 4 1.5. Core Argument.................................................................................................. 4 1.6. Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 4 1.7. Scope and Limitation of the Study.................................................................... 5 1.8. Methodology and Methods ............................................................................... 6 1.9. Organization of The Thesis ............................................................................... 7 Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................... 8 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Framework ........................................................... 8 2.1. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework ................................................................ 8 2.1.1. Sanctions and Human Rights: Background .................................................. 8 2.1.2. Purposes of Sanctions .................................................................................. 11 2.1.3. Types of Sanctions ........................................................................................ 13 2.1.3.1 Comprehensive versus Targeted Sanctions ................................................ 13 2.1.3.2. Unilateral Versus Multilateral Sanctions ................................................... 16 2.1.3.3. Negative versus Positive Sanctions ........................................................... 18 2.1.4. Conceptualizing Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool ................................... 20 2.1.5. Conceptualizing Humanitarian Impact of Sanctions ................................. 25 2.1.6. Conceptualizing Humanitarian Intervention .............................................. 27 2.1.7. Conceptualizing Humanitarian Exemptions ............................................... 31 2.1.8. Legal And Moral Contexts of Sanctions ..................................................... 32 2.2. Literature Review................................................................................................... 35 2.2.1. Sanctions Success ......................................................................................... 35 ii 2.2.2. Inconsistency in the Application of Sanctions .............................................. 41 2.2.3. Globalization And Sanctions ...................................................................... 42 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................... 44 3. Background and Course of Sanctions on Burundi and Zimbabwe ............................ 44 3.1. Background of Sanctions on Burundi .................................................................... 44 3.2. The Course of Sanctions on Burundi ..................................................................... 48 3.3. Background of Sanctions on Zimbabwe ................................................................ 56 3.4. The Course of Sanctions on Zimbabwe ................................................................. 65 Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................... 74 4. Sanctions on Burundi and their Impact on Human Rights ........................................ 74 4.1. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Economy of Burundi .................................... 76 4.2. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Health Sector of Burundi .............................. 83 4.3. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Education Sector of Burundi ......................... 86 4.4. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Demography of Burundi ............................... 88 4.5. The Political Impact of the Sanctions on Burundi ................................................. 90 4.6. The Status of Humanitarian Exemptions in Burundi ............................................. 94 4.7. The Survival of the Government of Burundi despite the Sanctions ...................... 96 4.8. Examination of the Sanctions on Burundi ............................................................ 101 Chapter Five ...................................................................................................................... 107 5. Sanctions on Zimbabwe and their Impact on Human Rights .................................... 107 5.1. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Economy of Zimbabwe ................................. 108 5.2. The Impacts of the Sanctions on the Health Sector of Zimbabwe ......................... 115 5.3. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Education Sector of Zimbabwe ..................... 118 5.4. The Impact of the Sanctions on the Demography of Zimbabwe ........................... 120 5.5. The Political Impact of the Sanctions on Zimbabwe ............................................. 121 5.6. The Status of Humanitarian Assistances in Zimbabwe ......................................... 123 5.7. The Survival of the Government of Zimbabwe despite the Sanctions .................. 124 5.8. Examination of the Sanctions on Zimbabwe ........................................................ 126 Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................... 131 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 131 Recommendation ............................................................................................................... 133 References Appendices iii List of Tables Table 1: Human Rights which may be violated by Sanctions ............................................ 150 Table 2: Ethnic Disparities in Public Senior Civil Service Posts in 1987 .......................... 151 Table 3: Burundi: Total Imports, 1993–1999 (US$ million) .............................................. 79 Table 4: GDP and GDP per capita of Burundi from 1995 to 1998..................................... 80 Table 5: Burundi: - Some Demographic Indicators, 1993-1998 ........................................