WATER AND CONFLICT INCORPORATING PEACEBUILDING INTO WATER DEVELOPMENT CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES Since 1943, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has been privileged to serve the poor and disadvantaged overseas. Without regard to race, creed, or nationality, CRS provides emergency relief in the wake of natural and man-made disasters. Through development projects in areas such as education, peace and justice, agriculture, microfinance, health, water, and HIV and AIDS, CRS works to uphold human dignity and promote better standards of living. CRS also works throughout the United States to expand the knowledge and action of Catholics and others interested in issues of international peace and justice. Our programs and resources respond to the U.S. Bishops’ call to live in solidarity — as one human family — across borders, over oceans, and through differences in language, culture, and economic condition. Catholic Relief Services 228 West Lexington Street Baltimore, MD 21201-3413 USA [email protected] www.crs.org © 2009 Catholic Relief Services—United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Published 2009. ISBN 0-945356-53-6 Written by Jason Gehrig with Mark M. Rogers Edited by Dennis Warner, Chris Seremet, and Tom Bamat Graphic design by Judi Jachman Front cover: Women and girls fetch water in the Hassahissa IDP Camp near Zalingei, Sudan, 2005. Photo by Paul Jeffrey/ACT-Caritas. Back cover: Drinking from a new village water system, Siran Valley near Mansehra, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan, 2006. Photo by Jim Stipe/CRS. For a complete catalog of CRS publications, visit www.crsprogramquality.org. WATER AND CONFLICT INCORPORATING PEACEBUILDING INTO WATER DEVELOPMENT Jason Gehrig with Mark M. Rogers Edited by Dennis Warner, Chris Seremet, and Tom Bamat Table of Contents BoxES, FIgURES, AND TABlES ........................................................................................................................................................................................................iii INTRoDUCTIoN ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v PART 1. WATER, CONFLICT, AND COOPERATION: BACKGROUND CHAPTER I. WATER AND CoNFlICT ........................................................................................................................................................................................3 lack of Access to Water as “Structural Violence”....................................................................................................................................................3 Water Conflict on the local, National, International, and global levels ................................................................................................... 4 Water as Target, Tool, and/or goal in Conflicts ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 1. Historical Perspective and Future Trends ................................................................................................................................................6 Water-Related Conflict between Nations ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Water-Related Conflict within Nations .......................................................................................................................................................................11 Section 2. Underlying Causes of Water-Related Conflict ....................................................................................................................................14 Socio-Economic Factors ......................................................................................................................................................................................................15 Institutional/Political Factors ...............................................................................................................................................................................................20 Environmental Factors ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER II. PRINCIPlES FoR WATER AND CooPERATIoN ...............................................................................................................................37 Section 1. CRS Peacebuilding Principles and Integral Human Development ..........................................................................................38 Section 2. Catholic Social Teaching Principles Applied to Water ....................................................................................................................41 Section 3. Indigenous Perspectives on Water .............................................................................................................................................................42 Section 4. Gender and Water ................................................................................................................................................................................................45 Section 5. United Nations Declaration of Water as a Human Right ............................................................................................................48 Section 6. Millennium Development Goals ...................................................................................................................................................................52 Section 7. Water and Warfare: Provisions of International Humanitarian Law Protecting Water .............................................53 During Armed Conflict .........................................................................................................................................................................................................53 During Military occupation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................54 PART 2. PUTTING PEACEBUILDING PRINCIPLES INTO WATER PRACTICE CHAPTER III. FRAMINg WATER DEVEloPMENT WITHIN A PEACEBUIlDINg PARADIgM ............................................................57 Section 1. Points for Reflection ............................................................................................................................................................................................57 Ethical Obligations ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 Being the Peace We Strive to Promote ......................................................................................................................................................................59 i Section 2. Peacebuilding: A Widening of Perspective, An Embracing of Change ...................................................................................61 CHAPTER IV. APPlYINg PEACEBUIlDINg AND CoNFlICT TRANSFoRMATIoN To WATER AND SANITATIoN PRogRAMMINg .................................................................................................................................................................65 Section 1. Peacebuilding Perspectives for Guiding a Water Development Agenda .............................................................................66 “Root Cause/Justice” ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................66 “Building Relationships” ........................................................................................................................................................................................................69 “Institutional Development” ..............................................................................................................................................................................................71 “Appropriate Technology / Development Approach” ........................................................................................................................................73 Section 2. Water-Related Conflict Transformation Tools and Techniques ..................................................................................................75 Preparation and Groundwork...........................................................................................................................................................................................78 Planning and Negotiation .....................................................................................................................................................................................................85 Implementation and Monitoring ......................................................................................................................................................................................88