The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2021 Demonstrative pronouns in Cigogo language: morphology, semantics and pragmatics Kuta, Edward Elisha The University of Dodoma Kuta, E. E. (2021). Demonstrative pronouns in Cigogo language: morphology, semantics and pragmatics (Master's dissertation). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/2916 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN CIGOGO LANGUAGE: MORPHOLOGY, SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS EDWARD ELISHA KUTA MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA FEBRUARY, 2021 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN CIGOGO LANGUAGE: MORPHOLOGY, SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS BY EDWARD ELISHA KUTA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA FEBRUARY, 2021 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I Edward Elisha Kuta, declare that this dissertation is my original work, and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university in a similar manner for either award or as a research project. Signature: No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. If transmitted for publication in any other format shall be acknowledging that, this work has been submitted for degree award at the University of Dodoma. i CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that he/she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled “Demonstrative Pronouns in Cigogo Language: Morphology, Semantics and Pragmatics” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma. Dr. Stanislav Beletskiy Signature Date (Supervisor) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to have so many people to thank for their contribution in producing this work. First and foremost, I am grateful to my creator and sustainer, God Almighty. I am, particularly, grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Stanislav Beletskiy for accepting me to be one of his students. He has been, tremendously, supportive, a role model and mentor. I have been enormously enriched by his insights, critical reading and teachings. I am indebted to him for moral support and intellectual contribution. Also, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my instructors, Dr. Sebonde, Dr. Biseko, Dr.Stanislav, Dr. Chrispin, Prof. Lakshmaanan, Dr.Selestino and Dr.Sane. My special thanks also are extended to Dr. Josephat Rugemalira for his moral and material support as his Cigogo grammar laid a foundation for this study. Without leaving aside my colleagues All MA LINGUISTICS students 2020 for their moral and material support. May God bless them all. I owe special thanks to my family members, especially my father, Mr. Elisha Kutta, my Mother Everline Kutta; my beloved children Brightness Edward and Elisha Edward; may the Almighty God bless them and give them long life, Amen. My thanks are extended to my staff mates of Kongwa secondary School and Secondary education district office of Kongwa. Finally, my heartfelt thanks go to the head of my working station, Kongwa Secondary School, Mr. Francis Lukosi; my friends Mr. Likamba, Borra, and Asubisye for their guidance and support in all the time of my studies. May God bless them all. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my lovely daughter Brightness Edward who, have been the great source to my hard working with a desire to make her and his brother Elisha happy ever. May the almighty God grant her good and long life. iv ABSTRACT This study is a result of an investigation done in order to describe the Cigogo language demonstratives in terms of morphology, semantics and pragmatics. The force behind conducting this study is to contribute to the theory of demonstratives by analyzing the Cigogo language demonstratives and recording them so as they can be used as an important record for language knowledge and research purposes. This is in order to maintain the stability of this ethnic community language. The study employed descriptive research design where data was collected through questionnaires, observation and structured interview and Informants were obtained through simple random sampling technique in sampling exercise. The study was guided by the following four objectives which were: to identify demonstrative pronouns in Cigogo language, to describe the morphology of Cigogo demonstrative pronoun, to describe the semantics of Cigogo demonstrative pronouns and to describe the pragmatic of use of Cigogo demonstrative pronouns. The theoretical and empirical literature was surveyed in order to have a clue of what others have found in relation to the study. The data collected by questionnaire were thematically analyzed, ELAN were used for transcription of sound and video data and texts were analyzed by using soft ware for transcription and SIL Field work explorer for creating text for data base and performing morphological analysis (annotation) and creating concordances for interview and focused group discussion. The findings of the study reveals that the Cigogo demonstrative pronouns are formed in four ways which are:- (i) by reduplication of pronominal prefix,( ii) by reduplication of pronominal prefix + affix -na, (iii)by reduplication of pronominal prefix+ affix-o, and (iv) by reduplication of pronominal prefix + affix -lya. The study provides two kinds of recommendations which are recommendation for action and recommendations for further study. That there are other aspects of this language to be reviewed and analysed in order to make the language stable with enough data for record and learning. So many other studies should be conducted to stabilize this language in all aspects. v Also the study suggests that governmental and nongovernmental stake holders should take serious measures to the stipulated weaknesses in measures taken to preserve our vernacular languages by ensuring our culture is promoted so as to activate positive attitude of vernacular language speakers towards their language, which will be possible by documentation of all aspects of cultural materials and writing grammar such as Morphology and Semantic books, to enable the learning of the languages to native and non native speakers. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ......................................................................... i CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background of the problem .................................................................................... 1 1.3 Historical and Social Linguistic Facts about Cigogo Language ............................ 3 1.3.1 Dialects of Cigogo Language .............................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Population and Geography .................................................................................. 5 1.4 Statement of the Problem and Research Gap ......................................................... 6 1.5 Objective of the Study ............................................................................................ 6 1.5.1Specific Objectives............................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 6 1.7 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 7 1.8 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................. 7 1.9 Limitations of the Study ......................................................................................... 8 1.10 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................