Index COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Index [ ] (brackets) in file naming, 180 adding, 348–350 ` (backtick) character, 21 password setting, 350–351 | (pipe) character, 19–20 ACL (access control list), 205 ~ (tilde) character in commands, 6 AD (Active Directory), 357–358 / (root) directory, 218 addresses, network, 414–415 * (asterisk) in file naming, 179, 180 base-10 numbers, 416 \ (backward slash) in file naming, 179 broadcasts, 419–420 - (dash) in file naming, 178 DHCP and, 415 . (dot) in file naming, 178 IPv4, 416 / (forward slash) in file naming, 179 IPv6, 416–417 ? (question mark) in file naming, 179, link-local, 417 180 MAC, 415 ~ (tilde) in file naming, 178 managing, 415–316, 415–417 _ (underscore) in file naming, 178 network mask, 417–419 “ (quotation mark) in file naming, 179 aliases, 459–460 alien utility, 75–77 answers to questions, 576–612 A apt-cache, 67 Accelerated-X, 281 apt-get, 68–71 accessibility, X archiving files, 187 display, 312–314 cpio utility, 191–194 keyboard, 310–312 dd utility, 194–195 mouse, 310–312 tar utility, 188–191 AccessX utility, keyboard, 310–312 zip files, 188 accounts assistive technologies in X, 314 chage, 354–355 at, 396–398 configuration files, 355–357 attackers, 525 deleting, 358–359 automated tasks groups, 345–346 at, 396–398 network account databases, 357–358 cron, 389 records, viewing, 362–364 anacron, 394–396 usermod, 352–353 cron jobs, 389 usernames, 345 creating, 390–391 users, 344–345 user cron jobs, 391–393 616 background processes – command completion boot process B kernel ring buffer, 247 background processes, 95–96 messages, 248 backtick (`) character, 21 steps, 248–249 base-10 numbers, 416 boot sector, 117 BaseT cabling, 409 booting bash, 4–5 answers to questions, 590–593 environment variables, 455 without keyboard, 112 history, 11–12 Bounce Keys, 311 prompt, 458–459 Bourne Again Shell, 4 bin directory, 219 Bourne shell, 4 binary packages, 49 bracket expressions, 35 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), Braille displays, 314 109, 117 broadcasts, 419–420 boot loaders, 235–237 Btrfs (butter eff ess), 146 boot partition, 236 built-in commands, 6–7 bitmap fonts, 296 boot directory, 218 boot disks, 117–119 C boot loaders cabling (network), 409, 410 BIOS, 235–237 caches, rebuilding, 86–87 damaged, 246 cat command, 22–23 EFI, 237–238 cd command, 6 GRUB (Grand Unified Boot Loader), chage, 354–355 234, 236 characters, translating, 27 GRUB 2, 243–245 chattr command, 212–213 GRUB legacy checksums, 49 configuring, 238–241 chgrp command, 200 installation, 242 chmod command, 206–208 interacting, 242–243 chown command, 200 gummiboot, 246 CHS geometry, 118 installation, 234 CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain LILO, 245 Routing), 417 LILO (Linux Loader), 234, 236 clients Linux Kernel, 245 servers and, 427 overview, 235 X remote access, 306–307 rEFInd, 245–246 client-server, X remote access, 306–307 rEFIt, 245 coldplug devices, 119–120 Syslinux, 245 command completion, 9–10 command line – dd utility 617 command line, 4 ifup, 434–435 answers to questions, 576–579 routing, 432–433 built-in commands, 6 static IP address, 429–432 case, 11 shells, 13 command completion, 9–10 files, modifying, 460–462 deleting text, 11 X font server, 299–300 editors, invoking, 11 cp (copy) command, 183–185 external commands, 6–9 cpio files, 56–57 generating command lines, 20–21 cpio utility, 191–194 internal commands, 6–9 cron, 389 moving within, 10 anacron, 394–396 retrieving commands, 10 cron jobs, 389 searching for commands, 10 creating, 390–391 transposing text, 11 user cron jobs, 391–393 commands csh (C shell), 5 ` (backtick) character, 21 CUPS (Common Unix Printing System), ~ (tilde) in, 6 321–322, 324 aliases, 459–460 configuration, 324 built-in, 6–7 files, editing, 325–326 editing, exercise, 12–13 CUPS DDK, 327 file management, 180–186 Gutenprint drivers, 327 file-combining, 22–24 printer definitions, 327 file-formatting, 28–31 Web-based utilities, 327–329 file-summarizing, 33–35 cut command, 33–34 file-transforming, 24–28 file-viewing, 31–33 shell scripts, 463–465 D shortcut characters, 6 DAC (discretionary access control) concatenation, 22–23 model, 205 conditional expressions, 478–479 daemons, 344–345 configuration syslogd, 365, 366 account files, 355–357 databases networking answers to questions, 605–609 answers to questions, 601–605 installed files, 49 connections, 436–437 network account databases, 357–358 GUI configuration tools, 434 SQL, 504 hardware, 428 whatis, 15–16 hostnames, 435–436 D-Bus (Desktop Bus), 120 ifdown, 434–435 dd utility, 194–195 618 DDC (Data Display Channel) – editors DDC (Data Display Channel), 289 tmp, 220 Debian mnt, 220 apt-cache, 67 home, 220 apt-get, 68–71 root, 220 compared to other formats, 73–74 permissions, 204 conventions, 63–64 opt, 219–220 distributions, 63–64 proc, 221 dpkg command set, 64–67 skeleton, 365 dselect, 72–73 usr, 219 package reconfiguration, 73 usr/local, 219 tools, configuring, 74–75 usr/share/man, 219 default interactive shells, 5 usr/X11R6, 219 default system shells, 5 disk error, partitioning and, 133 dependencies, 49 disk quotas, 213–214 packages, 77–78 edquota command, 215–216 rebuilding, 79–80 support, 214–215 replacing, 79 disk space, partitioning and, startup scripts and, 80–81 133 upgrading, 79 disks. See hard disks versions, 80 display shared libraries, 86 Braille, 314 dev directory, 220–221 X, 312–314 development libraries, 80 DMA (direct memory addressing), 116 DHCP, network configuration, 428–429 dmesg command, 247 directories DNS (Domain Name System), / (root) directory, 218 421–424 var, 220 documents, here documents, 19 sbin, 219 domain names, 420–421 /boot directory, 218 dpkg package, 64–67 commmands drivers, USB, 127–128 mkdir, 198 dselect package, 72–73 rmdir, 198 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 438 disk use monitoring and, 160–161 duplicate lines, deleting, 28 media, 220 dynamic libraries, 82 /etc directory, 218 dev, 220–221 font directory, 296–297 E lib, 219 echo command, 7 bin, 219 editors, invoking, 11 edquota command – FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) 619 edquota command, 215–216 expansion cards, 120 EEPROM (electronically erasable PCI, configuring, 121–122 programmable read-only memory), expressions 109 conditional, 478–479 EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface), regexp, 37–38 109, 117 regular expressions boot loaders, 237–238 bracket expressions, 35 email, 497–498 escape, 36 answers to questions, 605–609 grep, 36–38 IMAP (Internet Message Access parentheses, 36 Protocol), 498 range expressions, 35–36 mail, 500–502 repetition operators, 36 mailq, 502–503 sed command, 38–40 MTAs (Mail Transfer Agents), single characters, 36 498 start/end of line, 36 MUAs (Mail User Agents), strings, 36 498 ext2fs (Second Extended File System), queue, 502–503 145 receiving, 500–502 ext3fs (Third Extended File redirecting, 503–504 System), 146 sending, 500–502 ext4fs (Fourth Extended File System), sendmail, 500 146 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer extended partitions, 134 Protocol), 498 external commands, 6–9 software, 498–500 external hard disks, configuration, 132 env command, 14 extracting text, 33–34 environment variables, 4, 13–14, 454– 455 bash, 455 F common, 455–458 FAT (File Allocation Table), 147 environments filenames and, 179 system environments, 364–365 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), users, 364–365 409 ESP (EFI System Partition), fdisk, 140–142 117 Fedora, 50 etc directory, 218 FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) Ethernet, 409 FSSTND comparison, 217–218 exit command, 7 shareable files, 217 expand command, 25 static files, 217–218 620 Fiber Channel – file-combining commands syslogd daemon, 365 bin directory, 219 unshareable files, 217 tmp directory, 220 variable files, 217–218 mnt directory, 220 Fiber Channel, 409 home directory, 220 file descriptors, 17 root directory, 220 STDERR (standard error), 17 opt directory, 219–220 STDIN (standard input), 17 proc directory, 221 STDOUT (standard output), 17–19 usr directory, 219 file management usr/local directory, 219 access, 200–213 usr/share/man directory, 219 answers to questions, 586–590 usr/X11R6 directory, 219 archiving, 187 find command, 222–223 cpio utility, 191–194 groups, 200, 210–212 dd utility, 194–195 links, 195–197 tar utility, 188–191 locate command, 223–224 zip files, 188 modes attributes, 212–213 changing, 206–208 commands default, 210–212 cp (copy), 183–185 naming files, 178–179 ls (list), 180–182 wildcards, 180 mv (move), 185–186 ownership rm (remove), 186 changing, 200 touch, 186 ls command, 199 directories, 198 permissions permissions, 204 ACL, 205 disk quotas, 213–214 bits, 201–205 edquota, 215–216 DAC model, 205 setting, 215–216 directories, 204 support, 214–215 file type codes, 201 FHS MAC, 205 / (root) directory, 218 RBAC, 205 var directory, 220 SELinux, 205 sbin directory, 219 strings, 202 /boot directory, 218 user mask, 210 media directory, 220 uses, 203 /etc directory, 218 type command, 225 dev directory, 220–221 whereis command, 224 FSSTND comparison, 217–218 which command, 224 lib directory, 219 file-combining commands, 22–24 file-formatting commands – fmt command 621 file-formatting commands, 28–31 parameters, tunable, 153–154 files partitioning and, 133 footers, 32 ReiserFS, 146 headers, 31–32 types, 145–148 installed file database, 49 UDF (Universal Disc Format), 147 joining, 23–24 unmounting, 161 journal files, 365–366 temporarily, 162–166 libraries, locating, 83–85 virtual, 114 log files, 344, 365–366 syfs, 119 merging, 24 XFS, 146 naming, 178–179 file-transforming commands, wildcards, 180 24–28 open, listing, 534–535 file-viewing commands, 31–33 paging, 32–33 filters,