Notes I Mestiz@ Scripts and the Rhetoric of Subversion 1. The expression “mestizaje” is a highly contested semantic marker associated with Mexican nationalism and Jose Vasconcelos’ La Raza Cósmica (1945), which forwards an elitist assumption of “mixed-blood” peoples. Some additional readings are De Castro, Juan. Mestizo Nations: Culture, Race, and Conformity in Latin American Literature. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002. Miller, Marilyn Grace. Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race: The Cult of Mestizaje in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. Swarthout, Kelly. Assimilating the Primitive: Parallel Dialogues on Racial Miscegenation in Revolutionary Mexico. New York: Peterlang, 2004. 2. “Hispanic” is a bureaucratic invention for census purposes. For this reason, some Mestiz@s prefer other identifiers. Still, “Hispanic” is commonly used today, both inside and outside the community. 3. U.S. Census Bureau. “Census 2000 Brief, March 2001, and National Population Estimates.” U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Ethnic & Hispanic Statistics Branch, 2006. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic/ho06.html. Accessed January 17, 2008. 4. The phrase as a collective cultural expression is inspired by “Indo-Hispano,” from the work of New Mexican writers E.A. Mares, Tomás Atencio, and Enrique Lamadrid. I recommend the following publications for a further explanation of Indo-Hispano cultures: Lamadrid, Enrique. “Luz y Sombra: The Poetics of Mestizo Identity.” Nuevo México Profundo: Rituals of an Indo-Hispano Homeland. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2000. 1–11. Lamadrid, Enrique. Hermanitos Comanchitos: Indo-Hispano Rituals of Captivity and Redemption. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003. 5. Grosfoguel, Ramon, Nelson Maldonado-Torres, and Jose David Saldivar, eds. Latin@s in the World-System: Decolonization Struggles in the 21st Century U.S. Empire. Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006. 166 Notes Simal, Begoña. “‘The Cariboo Café’ as a Border Text: The Holographic Model. Rodopi.” Perspectives on Modern Literature, Literature and Ethnicity in the Cultural Borderlands. Ed. Jesus Benito and Anna Maria Manzanas. Kenilworth, NJ: Rodopi Press, 2007. 6. Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973. 5. 7. Raymond Williams, as cited in Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979. 6. 8. Keali’Inohomoku, Joann. “Hopi and Hawaiian Music and Dance: Responses to Cultural Contact.” Musical Repercussions of 1492: Encounters in Text and Performance. Ed. Carol Robertson. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. 429–450. 9. Schiappa, Edward. “Did Plato Coin Rhêtorikê?” American Journal of Philology 111 (1990): 157–170. 10. León-Portilla, Miguel, and Earl Shorris, eds. In the Language of Kings: An Anthology of Mesoamerican Literature, Pre-Columbian to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. 73. 11. Santiago, Deborah, and Sarita Brown. Federal Policy and Latinos in Higher Education. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, 2004. 6. 12. Landa, Diego de. Yucatan Before and After the Conquest. 1566. Trans. William Gates, New York: Dover, 1978. 2. 13. Murphy, James, ed. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Modern America. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum, 2001. 14. Abbott, Don Paul. “The Ancient Word: Rhetoric in Aztec Culture.” Rhetorica 5.3 (1987): 251–264. II New Consciousness/Ancient Myths 1. See page 99. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 1987. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1999. 19. 2. Alarcón, Norma. “Anzaldúa’s Frontera Inscribing Gynectics.” Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity. Ed. Lavie Smadar and Ted Swedenburg. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. 364. 3. Carrasco, David. Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovision and Ceremonial Centers. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990. 4. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 1987. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1999. 19. 5. The following publications are helpful for further reading on applying Anzaldúa to the politics of identity formation: Adams, Kate. “Northamerican Silences: History, Identity, and Witness in the Poetry of Gloria Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, and Leslie Marmon Silko.” Listening to Silences: New Essays in Feminist Criticism. Ed. Elaine Hedges and Shelly Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 130–145. Notes 167 Barnard, Ian. “Gloria Anzaldúa’s Queer Mestisaje.” MELUS 22.1(1997): 35–53. Fowlkes, Diane. “Moving from Feminist Identity Politics to Coalition Politics through a Feminist Materialist Standpoint of Intersubjectivity in Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza.” Hypatia 12.2 (1997): 105–124. Raisin, Judith. “Inverts and Hybrids: Lesbian Rewritings of Sexual and Racial Identities.” The Lesbian Postmodern. Ed. Laura Doan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 6. García, Alma, ed. Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings. New York: Routledge, 1997. Grewal, Inderpal. “Autobiographical Subjects and Diasporic Locations: Meatless Days and Borderlands.” Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices. Ed. Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. 231–254. Hedley, Jane. “Nepantilist Poetics: Narrative and Cultural Identity in the Mixed-Language Writings of Irena Klepfisz and Gloria Anzaldúa.” Narrative 4.1 (1996): 36–54. Keating, AnaLouise. “Writing, Politics, and las Lesberadas: Platicando con Gloria Anzaldúa.” Frontiers 14.1 (1993): 105–130. Lugones, María. “On Borderlands/La Frontera: An Interpretive Essay.” Adventures in Lesbian Philosophy. Ed. Claudia Card. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. Wright, Melissa. “‘Maquiladora Mestizas’ and a Feminist Border Politics: Revising Anzaldúa.” Hypatia 13.3 (1998): 114–131. 7. Anzaldúa, Gloria. “To(o) Queer the Writer—Loca, Escritora y Chicana.” Inversions: Writing by Dykes, Queers and Lesbians. Ed. Betsy Warland. Vancouver: Press Gang, 1991. 249–263 (252). 8. Hames-Garcia, Michael. “How to Tell a Mestizo from an Enchirito®: Colonialism and National Culture in the Borderlands.” diacritics 30.4 (2000): 102–122. 9. Mignolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 228. 10. Hernández-Avila, Inés. “The Flowering Word.” American Language Review 4.3 (May 2000): 1. León-Portilla, Miguel. Huehuetlahtolli: Testimonios de la Antigua Palabra. 1988. 2nd ed. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992. 13. 11. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 1987. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1999. 77–79. 12. Sánchez, Rosaura. Chicano Discourse: Socio-Historic Perspectives. Houston: Arte Publico Press, 1994. 103–108. 13. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 1987. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1999. 239. 14. Mignolo, Walter. The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995. 40–41. 168 Notes III Mestiz@: A Brief History, from Mexicatl to Chican@ 1. Tedlock, Dennis, ed. Popul Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life. Charmichael, CA: Touchstone Books, 1996. 5–6. 2. Tedlock, Dennis, ed. Popul Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life. Touchstone Books, 1996. 3. León-Portilla, Miguel, and Earl Shorris, eds. In the Language of Kings: An Anthology of Mesoamerican Literature, Pre-Columbian to the Present. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. 675. 4. Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio. “A General Survey of Chicano/a Historiography.” Voices of a New Chicana/o History. Ed. Refugio Rochín and Dennis Valdés. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000. 254–255. 5. Carrasco, David. “Reimagining the Classic Heritage of Mesoamerica: Continuities and Fractures in Time, Space, and Scholarship.” Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacán to the Aztecs. Ed. David Carrasco, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000. 1–18. Ascher, Marcia. Mathematics Elsewhere: An Exploration of Ideas Across Cultures. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Ascher, Marcia. Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981. 6. Carrasco, Davíd. Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1993. 7. Carrasco, Davíd. Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999. 8. Carrasco, Davíd. Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999. 9. Carrasco, Davíd. Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999. 10. Ramirez Jose Fernando, Cuadro Historico-geroglifico de la Peregrinacion de los Tribus Aztecas (No. 2). Imprenta de Jose Mariano Fernandez de Lara, Mexico City, 1858. 11. Maiz, Apaxu. Looking For Aztlán: Birthright or Right for Birth? East Lansing, Michigan: Sun Dog Press, 2004. 12. Carrasco, Davíd. Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999. 13. Carrasco, Davíd, and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma. Moctezuma’s Mexico: Visions of the Aztec World. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1992. 14. Carrasco, Davíd. Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovision and Ceremonial Centers. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990. 15. Carrasco, Davíd. Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacán to the Aztecs. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000. 16. Carrasco, Davíd. Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacán to the Aztecs. Boulder: