plants Review Chemical Compounds, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activity of Brugmansia suaveolens: A Review Vera L. Petricevich 1 , David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez 2, Dante Avilés-Montes 3, Cesar Sotelo-Leyva 4 and Rodolfo Abarca-Vargas 1,* 1 Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos (UAEM), Street: Leñeros, esquina Iztaccíhuatl s/n. Col. Volcanes, Cuernavaca 62350, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Biodiversity and Conservation Research Center, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Biological Science, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Chemistry-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, South University City, Chilpancingo 39000, Guerrero, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-777-361-2155 Received: 30 July 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 8 September 2020 Abstract: This study investigates updated information in different search engines on the distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae) using the extracts or chemical compounds at present. This plant has been used in traditional medicine in different cultures as a hallucinatory, analgesic, aphrodisiac, nematicide, sleep inducer, and muscle relaxant, as well as a treatment for rheumatism, asthma, and inflammation. The flowers, fruits, stems, and roots of the plant are used, and different chemical compounds have been identified, such as alkaloids, volatile compounds (mainly terpenes), coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, and hydrocarbons. The concentration of the different compounds varies according to the biotic and abiotic factors to which the plant is exposed. The toxic effect of the plant is mainly attributed to atropine and scopolamine, their averages in the flowers are 0.79 0.03 and 0.72 0.05 mg/g of dry plant, respectively. ± ± Pharmacological studies have shown that an aqueous extract exhibits the antinociceptive effect, at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg i.p. in mice. On the other hand, the ethanolic extract at 1000 mg/L, showed a nematocidal activity in vitro of 64% against Meloidogyne incognita in 72 h. Likewise, it showed a 100% larvicidal activity at 12.5 mg/L against Ancylostoma spp. In another study, the lethal activity of shrimp in brine from an ethanolic extract showed an LC50 of 106 µg/mL at double serial concentrations of 1000–0 (µg/mL). Although there are pharmacological and phytochemical studies in the plant, they are still scarce, which has potential for the examination of the biological activity of the more than one hundred compounds that have been reported, many of which have not been evaluated. Keywords: alkaloids; terpenoid; scopolamine; antinociceptive; nematicide; toxicity 1. Introduction Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. and J.Presl is widely distributed in the world both as a spontaneous species and as an ornamental plant [1], mainly in areas with climates ranging from tropical and subtropical to temperate [2]. It belongs to the Solanaceae family, and according to The Plant List, 12 are recognized in this genus, including hybrids and a subspecies (Brugmansia arborea, B. candida, B. cubensis, B. dolichocarpa, B. insignis, B. longifolia, B. pittieri, × × × × B. rubella, B. sanguinea, B. sanguinea subsp. vulcanicola, B. suaveolens, and B. versicolor)[1]. The objective × Plants 2020, 9, 1161; doi:10.3390/plants9091161 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2020, 9, 1161 2 of 14 of this review is to present complete and updated information on the current research regarding the distribution, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of B. suaveolens, in order to identify its therapeutic potential and open new research opportunities. The most salient data were searched using the keyword “Brugmansia suaveolens” in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Taylor and Francis, and PubMed. The synonyms, according to The Plant List, of B. suaveolens (Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. and C. Presl, are Brugmansia albidoflava (Lem.) Verschaff. ex Bosse (unresolved), Datura albidoflava Lem. (synonym), Datura arborea Mart. (synonym), Datura gardneri Hook. (synonym), Datura suaveolens Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd. (synonym), Datura suaveolens f. albidoflava (Lem.) Voss (synonym), Datura suaveolens var. macrocalyx Sendtn. (synonym), Pseudodatura suaveolens Zijp (unresolved), and Stramonium arboreum Moench (unresolved) [1]. Brugmansia suaveolens is known by various names in different areas of the world, such as in Mexico (Floripondio or florifundio) [3], (Toloache de castilla) [4], Argentina (Floripón) [5], Peru (Misha Colambo (Snake)) [6], (Floripondio) [7], (Toe, Toe de flor blanca) [8], Brazil (Trombeteira or Cartucheira) [9], (Trompeta de Ángel) [10], Sweden (Angel’s Trumpet) [11], Sir Lanka (Attana) [12], and in Indonesia (Kecubung Bunga Kuning and Kecubung Bunga Putih) [13], (Cubung) [14], Pakistan (Shaitani ganti/Bel Boti) [15], and Butan (Gangmeto) [16]. In many other countries, B. suaveolens is better known by the name Angel’s Trumpet. 2. Botany 2.1. Taxonomical Classification Brugmansia suaveolens, was discovered by Alexander von Humbold and Aimé Bonpland (Humb. Bonpl. Ex Willd.). It was first formally described by Friederich von Berchtold and Jan Presl, and published in Hortus suburbanus Londinensis [1] (Table1). Table 1. Taxonomical classification of Brugmansia suaveolens. Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Superdivision Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Subfamilia Solanoideae Tribe Datureae Genus Brugmansia Species B. suaveolens [1] Brugmansia suaveolens belongs to the group of woody plants [17], considered shrubs or small trees (Figure1), with a length ranging from 1 to 6 m high. The petiole is 2–5 cm long; the leaf lamina, with the widest end below the middle part known as an elliptical 15–30 cm long and 5–12 cm wide; the corolla is formed by a tube with lobes of 25–30 cm long; and the basal half is a narrow tubular shape and abruptly expands to form extended lobes 10–15 cm long. The color of the flower is white or reddish. The fruit is narrow at the end and wide in the middle part, and is 20 cm long with a 2.5 cm diameter. Flowering begins in January and from April to November. It bears fruit from May to June and in October [3]. PlantsPlants 20 202020, ,9 9, ,x x FOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 33 of of 14 14 widestwidest end end below below the the middle middle part part known known as as an an elliptical elliptical 15 15––3030 cm cm long long and and 5 5––1212 cm cm wide wide; ;the the c corollaorolla is is formedformed by by a a tube tube with with lobes lobes of of 25 25––3030 cm cm long long; ;and and the the basal basal half half is is a a narrow narrow tubular tubular shape shape and and abruptly abruptly expandsexpands to to form form extended extended lobes lobes 10 10––1515 cm cm long. long. The The color color of of the the flower flower is is white white or or reddish. reddish. TheThe fruit fruit is is narrownarrowPlants 2020 atat the,the9, 1161 endend andand widewide inin thethe middlemiddle part,part, aandnd isis 2020 cmcm longlong withwith aa 2.52.5 cmcm diameter.diameter. FloweringFlowering3 of 14 beginsbegins in in January January and and from from April April to to November. November. It It bears bears fruit fruit from from May May to to June June and and in in October October [3] [3]. FigureFigure 1. 1. Brugmansia Brugmansia suaveolens suaveolens. Figure 1. Brugmansia suaveolens. 2.2.222.2.. .Distribution Distribution Distribution BrugamnsiaBrugamnsiaBrugamnsia suaveolens suaveolens suaveolens is is is widelywidely widely distributed distributed distributed around around around thethe the world world world (Figure (Figure 22) 2)),, , includingincluding including in inin the thethe USAUSA USA [ [2]2[2]],, , MexicoMexicoMexico [18] [18] [18, ,Honduras, ],Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, Nicaragua, Nicaragua, Panama, Panama, Panama, El El El Salvador, Salvador, Salvador, Paraguay, Paraguay, Paraguay, and and the thethe Antilles AntillesAntilles [3] [[3]3],, ,Argentina Argentina [[19] 19[19]],, , BoliviaBoliviaBolivia [20] [20] [20, ,Costa ],Costa Costa Rica Rica Rica [21] [21] [21, ,],Colombia Colombia Colombia [22] [22] [22, ,],Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador [23] [23] [23,], ,Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela [24] [[24]24],, ,Per PeruPeruu [6] [[6]6],, ,Chile Chile [[25] [25]25],, , BrazilBra Brazzilil [[18] 18[18]],, , KoreaKoreaKorea [26] [26] [26, ,Vietnam ],Vietnam Vietnam [27] [27] [27, ,],Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan [28] [28] [28,], ,India India India [29] [29] [29,], ,Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia [30] [30] [30],, ,Butan Butan [16] [[16]16],, ,Sri SriSri LankaLanka [[12][12]12],, , Pakistan Pakistan [[15] 15[15]],, , TurkeyTurkeyTurkey [31] [31] [31, ,Australia ],Australia Australia [32] [32] [32, ,],New New New Zealand Zealand Zealand [33] [33] [33, ,],Cameroon, Cameroon, Cameroon, Madagascar, Madagascar, Madagascar, Tanzania Tanzania [3] [[3]3],, , UgandaUganda [34] [[34]34],, ,Italy,Ital Italyy, , BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria [35] [35] [35, ,Netherlands ],Netherlands Netherlands [35] [35] [35, ,Germany ],Germany Germany [36] [36] [36, ,Hung ],Hung Hungaryaryary [37] [37] [37, ,Gr ],Gr Greeceeeececee [38] [38] [38, ,and ],and and Sweden Sweden Sweden [39] [39] [39. ].