C O L C O L AND DISTANCE LEARNING AND DISTANCE PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING INCREASING ACCESS THROUGH MOBILE LEARNING We live today in a hugely “mobilised” world. Estimates put mobile subscriptions at more than 6 billion globally, with at least 75% of these being in developing countries. And nearly 2.5 billion of the world’s population can now access the Internet, a third doing so through Mobile Learning Access through Increasing mobile devices alone. As the use of mobile devices increases, so is interest in harnessing their power for education and training. Mobile learning (mLearning) is an emerging field that, with the availability of Open Educational Resources and rapid growth of mobile technologies, has immense potential Increasing Access to revolutionise education — in the classroom, in the workplace, and for informal learning, wherever that may be. With mLearning, education becomes accessible and affordable for everyone. through Many countries have major initiatives underway already to provide mobile technologies to their citizens. These are significant efforts, well aligned with the Commonwealth of Learning’s mandate and UNESCO’s goal of Education for All in the 21st century. Mobile Learning Increasing Access through Mobile Learning contributes to the advancement of the mLearning field by presenting comprehensive, up-to-date information about its current state and emerging potential. This book will help educators and trainers in designing, developing and implementing high-quality mLearning curricula, materials and delivery modes that use the latest mobile applications and technologies. The 16 chapters, written by 30 contributors Mohamed Ally and Avgoustos Tsinakos, Editors from around the world, address a wide range of topics, from operational practicalities and best practices to challenges and future opportunities. Researchers studying the use of mLearning in education and training, including as a means of supporting lifelong learning, will also find the experiences shared in this book to be of particular interest. PRINTED IN CANADA Printed according to environmentally progressive print practices, using chlorine-free, recycled fibres. Electricity used in manufacturing the paper stock has been offset by Green-e renewable energy certificates. PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING Increasing Access through Mobile Learning Mohamed Ally and Avgoustos Tsinakos, Editors Published by Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University, Vancouver, 2014 The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University, 2014 © 2014 by the Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University. PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: Increasing Access through Mobile Learning is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 3.0 Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/3.0. For the avoidance of doubt, by applying this licence the Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University do not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that they may be entitled to assert, nor do the Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University submit themselves to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction. PERSPECTIVES ON OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: Increasing Access through Mobile Learning Mohamed Ally and Avgoustos Tsinakos, Editors ISBN 978-1-894975-64-3 Published by: COMMONWEALTH OF LEARNING ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY 1055 West Hastings, Suite 1200 Centre for Distance Education Vancouver, British Columbia 1 University Drive Canada V6E 2E9 Athabasca, Alberta Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Canada T9S 3A3 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Telephone: +1 800 788-9041 (ext. 6179) Web: www.col.org (toll free in Canada & USA) Email: [email protected] Telephone: +1 780 675-6179 (outside Canada & USA) Web: http://cde.athabascau.ca E-mail: [email protected] With support from: Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... vii Contributors ...................................................................................................... ix Introduction: Enhancing Access to Education with Mobile Learning ................ 1 Mohamed Ally and Avgoustos Tsinakos PART I: Designing Mobile Learning Chapter 1 A Diachronic Overview of Technology Contributing to Mobile Learning: A Shift Towards Student-Centred Pedagogies ........................................... 7 Helen Crompton Chapter 2 Educational Standards for Mobile Learning and Mobile Application Development ............................................................................................... 17 Judy Brown, Michael Hruska, Andy Johnson and Jonathan Poltrack Chapter 3 A Pedagogical Framework for Mobile Learning: Categorising Educational Applications of Mobile Technologies into Four Types ............. 27 Yeonjeong Park Chapter 4 Why Open Educational Resources Are Needed for Mobile Learning ......... 49 Rory McGreal Chapter 5 Design of Contextualised Mobile Learning Applications ............................ 61 Marcus Specht Chapter 6 Interactive Learning Strategies for Mobile Learning ................................... 73 Anthony Ralston Chapter 7 Mobile Learning: Location, Collaboration and Scaffolding Inquiry ............. 85 Eileen Scanlon PART II: Implementing Mobile Learning Chapter 8 Open Formats for Mobile Learning ............................................................. 99 Geoff Stead Chapter 9 Using BYOD, Mobile Social Media, Apps, and Sensors for Meaningful Mobile Learning .......................................................................................... 113 Inge Ignatia de Waard iii Chapter 10 Supporting Mobile Access to Online Courses: The ASK Mobile SCORM Player and the ASK Mobile LD Player .......................................... 125 Panagiotis Zervas and Demetrios G. Sampson Chapter 11 Mobile Learning Operating Systems .......................................................... 141 Christian Glahn PART III: Using Mobile Learning in Education and Training Chapter 12 Orchestrating the Flexible Mobile Learning Classroom .............................. 161 Chee-Kit Looi and Yancy Toh Chapter 13 Mobile Learning in Higher Education .......................................................... 175 Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Muriel Garreta Domingo, Josep Prieto-Blazquez, Cesar Corcoles, Dr. Teresa Sancho-Vinuesa and Mr. Francesc Santanach Chapter 14 Mobile Learning in the Workplace: Unlocking the Value of Mobile Technology for Work-Based Education ...................................................... 193 Christoph Pimmer and Norbert Pachler Chapter 15 Changing the Tunes from Bollywood’s to Rural Livelihoods — Mobile Telephone Advisory Services to Small and Marginal Farmers in India: A Case Study ............................................................................................. 205 Balaji Venkataraman and T.V. Prabhakar Chapter 16 The Future of Mobile Learning and Implications for Education and Training ................................................................................................ 217 David Parsons Glossary ............................................................................................................ 231 iv Foreword Increasing Access through Mobile Learning is a timely book for mobile education, especially for developing countries where the use of mobile technology is increasing at a phenomenal rate. In some developing countries, large numbers of learners are moving directly to mobile devices, bypassing the personal computer stage. As a result, there is tremendous need for learning materials that can be accessed using mobile devices, as a means of opening up opportunities for lifelong learning and professional development. The book provides valuable insights on how to develop and implement successful mobile learning. Each chapter has been written by one or more experts in mobile learning from around the world. Part I describes considerations for, and approaches to, designing mobile learning materials. It is important for developers of mobile learning materials to follow standards so that the learning materials can be shared as open educational resources (OER). Delivered on mobile technology, OER have the potential to enable citizens all over the world to access affordable education from anywhere and at any time. Part II of the book discusses how mobile learning can be successfully implemented to maximise access to educational resources with minimum resources, and to maintain flexibility in the delivery process. Part III provides examples of how mobile learning can be used in a variety of settings, including schools, higher education institutions, the workplace and the field, and a variety of contexts, from formal programmes to just-in-time learning. The book offers a significant contribution to the goal of achieving Education for All, as mobile learning makes it easier to reach citizens around the world regardless of background, culture, location and status. The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is a global advocate of OER in all spheres of learning. COL has worked with partners on the use of mobile devices