Rodríguez 1 La historia oficial: The Alternative Facts of Argentina’s Dirty War David Diego Rodríguez University of Illinois at Chicago In the movie La historia oficial, the Oscar winner for 1985 Best Foreign Movie by director Luis Puenzo, Argentina’s military regime imposes its official version of the history of Argentina on the people of Argentina, contrary to actual historical events. The movie title considers the double- meaning of the word historia in Spanish, which could be translated as “history” and/or “story” in English. The movie takes place in Argentina in 1983, immediately after the Dirty War that results in a one-party political system. The country is ruled by a totalitarian government that kidnaps, tortures, and disappears its disobedient citizens. High school history teacher Alicia Marnet de Ibáñez, who is the most visible element of the totalitarian government, must teach the official history to students who question the military regime’s alternative facts. The history taught in Argentine schools conflicts with actual historical events that were never officially recorded, therefore, not real history. As the movie progresses, Alicia transforms from history teacher to historiographer who examines the official history against the unofficial, undocumented historical events. To further complicate her precarious situation, her husband Roberto is a lawyer who holds a government position under the dictatorship. She eventually learns to question official facts that she had previously accepted conclusively. In the end, Alicia and the viewer learn that not only the official history of Argentina is false, but also the official story regarding Alicia’s adopted daughter Gaby. From the beginning of the movie, we see the two conflicting histories juxtaposed for us to examine as to which one is the true history. In the very first scene, the behavior of the characters casts doubt on the regime’s version of history as the teachers and students sing the national anthem. Although they are singing, “Libertad, libertad, libertad,” they do so unconvincingly and with a total lack of patriotic passion. We see here the tension created by the oppression of the military regime on Rodríguez 2 the people who live under political oppression. This opening scene represents the tension the viewer will experience throughout the movie. The next scene takes place in the classroom of Alicia Marnet de Ibáñez who tells her students that she will teach the history of Argentina starting from 1810. She stresses that to understand history is to understand the world because the people cannot live without memory and that history is the memory of the people. From the beginning, we see how Alicia betrays her belief of the theory of history by the way she conducts her history class. One student, Horacio Costa, notices this inconsistency and he repeatedly challenges Alicia to define what history is. Alicia, however, agrees with Horacio by the end of the movie. Horacio, like Horatio in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, lives to tell the tale of all those who were murdered in order to preserve their history. Although she never outwardly shows any change in her views due to Horacio’s ideas of history, she slowly changes her view regarding la historia oficial and actual historical events. She sees a new connection between the past and the present, which have consequences in the present and will have consequences in her near future. Although she tries to disregard the past, she knows that no people cannot survive without memory. The conflict between Alicia and Horacio represents the conflict between the regime in power and the Argentine people. Alicia teaches la historia oficial, in other words, the history officially sanctioned by the military regime of Dictator Videla. Moreover, her husband Roberto Horacio Ibáñez is a lawyer and has a government position within that regime. She doesn’t ask too many questions about what his official duties are. She must teach the official history or risk her career and life, as one of her teaching colleagues cautions her. Therefore, Alicia teaches the official history of the ruling regime. At a party for Roberto and his colleagues, we learn that the military coup d’état occurred in 1976 and that the war of the Malvinas (the Falkland Islands) ended in the previous year of 1982. When the discussion of history turns to the history of present-day Argentina, everyone becomes Rodríguez 3 extremely uncomfortable and they immediately change the subject, thereby signaling that la historia oficial should not be examined too closely. History is a subject best left to the military regime. Later, when the student Horacio questions Alicia about the version of history that she teaches, we see a clash between la historia oficial and what actually happened in the past. The students question what happened to the gaucho Juan Moreira, because the official history presents a different version of events. Horacio also cites Mariano Moreno whose writings directly confront the present-day government. Freedom of the press does not exist in their world, so Horacio quotes Moreno who said, “If they don’t let us publish the truth, lies will triumph, so will poverty and the brutalization of the people. They didn’t assassinate Moreno for no reason. They threw him into the sea.” Alicia insists that Moreno was not assassinated. Another student states that Moreno was poisoned. Alicia responds that those are merely theories that have not been proven. Horacio counters that, “There’s no proof because history is written by the assassins.” Alicia finally ends the class by saying, “This is a history class, not a debate.” The students are forced to accept the official history that Alicia teaches them, as written by the regime. The movie, however, presents various conflicting histories to the viewer. During this scene, Alicia participates as part of the dominant discourse of the regime, thereby acting as the authority figure that indoctrinates the students to the official history. Therefore, lies, poverty, and the brutalization of the people take place in the Argentina where they now live, and, as Horacio points out, Alicia belongs to the assassins by teaching the official history full of lies. We learn from history in order not to repeat mistakes, but we see here a repetition of the horrors that occurred to Mariano Moreno and what is now happening in the Argentina of the movie. Argentina has not learned from the mistakes of the past, and therefore, repeats them. To complicate matters even further, Alicia and her husband have an adopted daughter Gabriela Alicia Ibáñez because Alicia could not bear her own children despite all types of medical treatments. Roberto took charge of finding an adopted child for them, but he tells Alicia that he was Rodríguez 4 not present for the birth of Gaby. They celebrate Gaby’s birthday on the anniversary of the day Roberto brought Gaby home. After the birthday party, Alicia recalls the day five years earlier when Roberto brought Gaby home late one night. She feels guilty because she didn’t go to the hospital to pick up Gaby after her birth. When she asks Roberto, what happened at the hospital, he responds, “We said we would never talk about that again,” and pretends not to remember any details of the birth. Alicia wants to know if the mother consented to the adoption. Alicia always feels guilty on Gaby’s birthday/anniversary. Once again, we see the opposition between the official history of the dominant discourse and what actually happened. What should be a joyful birthday celebration becomes an instrument of oppression for Alicia. Moreover, during the birthday party, we see some small boys carrying toy rifles playing like soldiers, imitating what they have witnessed. When Gaby is alone in her bedroom, the boys kick open the bedroom door and pretend to kidnap Gaby, who cries immediately. This scene serves as a microcosm, a play within a play if you will, of what has happened in Argentina and also suggests that Gaby was kidnapped from her biological mother. Alicia never questions the history she teaches her students until her friend Ana talks about her kidnapping and how they tortured her. Only then does Alicia begin to suspect that her husband Roberto may be doing similar kidnapping and torturing for the regime. Ana tells Alicia about the pregnant women who were kidnapped and whose children disappeared. Alicia says that she feels guilty. And, in a way, she is because she never questioned Gaby’s history, just as she never questioned the history she teaches. She obeys every official order without questioning its consequences. Later, we learn that Ana’s boyfriend disappeared, and that Roberto was somehow responsible in his disappearance, but we never learn exactly how. The day after Gaby’s birthday party, Alicia goes to class and her students have filled the blackboard with newspaper clippings of lists of people who have disappeared. When Alicia enters, Horacio is reading an article by Mariano Moreno printed in La Gaceta, Buenos Aires, June 12, 1810: Rodríguez 5 “if they oppose restrictions to speech, the spirit as matter will vegetate” and “brutalization will forever cause dejection, ruin, and misery.” Alicia seems to be oblivious to Horacio, but we suspect that she is listening to him. She orders a student to take down the newspaper clippings from the blackboard, but Alicia keeps them. We know that at some moment she reads them because she later tells Roberto that she has read about the disappearances in the newspapers. One day when Alicia goes to Roberto’s office, she sees the old man Macci unconscious in a chair before they could hide him. She suspects foul play. She also suspects that Roberto is somehow involved in this oppressive system.