View Camera Focus and Depth of Field — Part II As submitted to VIEW CAMERA by Harold M. Merklinger magazine, published September/October 1996, pp 56-58. While in-depth knowledge of focus for the two extreme settings of the film is vertical, but circumstances photographic technology is not essential the back as indicated by that depth of will arise where it will seem a very to the production of great images, field mechanism. The acceptable depth strange way to measure things. At the certain principles can assist the of field region is thus wedge-shaped, hyperfocal distance the depth of field photographer in working efficiently. In with the apex of the wedge located at extends a distance J on either side of the Part I we tried to illustrate the basic the hinge line. subject plane, measured in the same principles of view camera focus. The We can describe the dimensions of direction we originally measured J. J is Scheimpflug Principle, although the depth of field wedge in simple always measured in a direction parallel necessary in a scientific sense, is of terms most photographers already to the film plane. lesser practical help than another similar know. An accompanying drawing Let’s apply this to a couple of the rule we called the hinge rule. The aim of depicts a side view of a camera set up sample photographs we used in Part I. this second part is to describe how depth with its back vertical, and with the lens We were using a 150 Symmar-S, of field works for view cameras. As we tilted forward by some appropriate always at f/11. The hyperfocal distance shall see, depth of field is also closely amount. The limits of the depth of field for a 150 mm lens at f/11 is about 67 related to the hinge rule. wedge are established by just three feet. This assumes a 0.1 millimeter The hinge rule states that as the factors: the hyperfocal distance (H) for permissible circle of confusion lens-to-film distance is adjusted through the focal length and aperture in use, the diameter. The distance J was 4.2 or 2.1 simple focusing motions of the camera position of the plane of sharpest focus, or 7 feet for the examples illustrated. back, the subject plane rotates as though and by the lens-to-hinge line distance Lisa was typically about five feet in it were ‘hinged’ at a specific location in (called J in Part I). The hyperfocal front of the camera lens. Thus the depth space. That location is determined by distance is, of course, the distance at of field, on either side of the plane of the amount of lens tilt (relative to the which we focus a ‘normal’ camera in sharpest focus, should have been about camera back) and the direction of that order to put the far limit of depth of 4 inches, 2 inches or 7 inches tilt. It is convenient to name the line field at infinity. H usually corresponds respectively. It is fortuitous that with about which the subject plane pivots to about 1500 times the physical the hyperfocal distance being about 12 “the hinge line.” The distance from the diameter of our lens aperture. times the distance to the subject, the lens to the hinge line is controlled by the At the hinge line the depth of field depth of field at the subject is one inch amount of tilt and the focal length of the is zero. One hyperfocal distance in for every foot of lens-to-hinge line lens. Simple tables can be prepared to front of the camera, the depth of field, distance. provide the quantitative information measured vertically (parallel to the The permissible circle of confusion needed. camera back) is (approximately) equal diameter cited above is appropriate for Many readers will be familiar with to that distance J. At other distances 8 inch by 10 inch photographic prints, the depth-of-field gauges provided on depth of field scales with distance. At a but the illustrations here are printed on a the back focusing mechanisms of a distance H/2, the depth of field is J/2 smaller scale and using a half-tone number of view camera models. These and so on. It’s really simple! A minor screen. It is probably appropriate to gauges indicate how far the back can be correction factor is necessary under expect that the effective depth of field moved from its nominal position and close-up conditions. for the illustrations as published is still keep the central subject within As was the case for focusing, there about three times the values just acceptable focus limits for the f-number are a few subtleties we need to keep in calculated. in use. Since the plane of sharpest focus mind. In order to establish where the Let’s look again at Example 2. Here pivots on the hinge line as the back is depth of field is equal to J we must we have drawn in the estimated moved, it follows that the limits of measure out the hyperfocal distance in effective depth of field limiting planes. I acceptable depth of field correspond to a direction perpendicular to the film think you’ll agree that our corrected the position of the plane of sharpest plane. That seems quite logical when estimate (12 in.) seems reasonable. PARALLEL-to-FILM LENS PLANE NEAR LIMIT OF This simple sketch shows the plane of sharpest DEPTH OF FIELD J focus as well as the limiting planes within which our image should be acceptably sharp. At a distance of one hyperfocal distance (H) from the camera lens, the depth of field, J measured in a direction parallel to the film, is J equal to the lens-to-hinge line distance. At PLANE OF SHARPEST FOCUS other distances the depth of field is proportionately greater or less. The shaded FAR LIMIT OF area is the depth of field wedge. HINGE LINE DEPTH OF FIELD H www.mr-alvandi.com When we cranked in additional lens for two useful alternatives, and a third Some will ask if the model of depth tilt to produce Example 3, we reduced J alternative is described in an of field cited here agrees with the usual by about a factor of about 2, and this addendum to the book. But the basic formulae for ‘normal’ cameras. The means depth of field is reduced by the principles are as they have been answer is an unqualified “yes”, but a bit same factor also. A comparison of described in this article. of math is needed to prove it. Examples 1 and 3 are reproduced here. There’s a lesson here. Depth of We did not rely at all upon the tilt The main difference between these two field is influenced directly by the scales on the Sinar F. And my own is just the distance J. Notice that Lisa’s distance J. And J is in turn is view cameras, an old B&J, is entirely shorts and shoes are distinctly less sharp determined by the amount of lens tilt devoid of scales of any kind. Tilt is the in Example 3 than in Example 1. Lisa’s used. More lens tilt essentially means movement needed most often, and face is not much different for these two less depth of field. In typical shooting fortunately there are easy ways to set examples, but if you check back and situations, the photographer may have and measure tilt. For the illustrations in examine the side views published in Part to make a compromise. Tilting the lens this article, we used an “Acu-Angle I, you’ll see that Lisa’s head is can improve overall sharpness by A-100” angle-measuring level. This is considerably farther above the plane of orienting the plane of sharpest focus to an approximately three inch square by sharpest focus for Example 1 than for coincide with the subject. But tilting half-inch thick item that claims to be Example 3. the lens also reduces the amount of able to measure angles in the vertical Now we come to the interesting depth of field on either side of that plane to within 0.2 degrees. That’s case! For Example 4, we tilted the back plane. For arrangements of subjects more than adequate for general forward by 30˚, and the lens forward by that naturally fall on or very close to a photographic use. You’ll need 26˚. This placed the hinge line about 6 planar surface, adjusting the lens tilt is extremely good eyes or a magnifier to feet directly over Lisa’s head. We must probably a good thing to do. On the get that quoted accuracy, however. One measure the hyperfocal distance not other hand, if the objects are can also use a so-called “protractor horizontally, but in a direction distributed more randomly throughout head” removed from a carpenter’s perpendicular to the film plane. In this a three-dimensional space, tilting the square. This item combines a bubble case, we measure the subject distance lens may lead to a decrease in overall level and a protractor in one unit. The from the camera lens to Lisa’s waist. sharpness. protractor head is good to a Yes, on a strange downward angle. The For the most part, the discussion half-degree; and that’s good enough. actual distance measured this way is here has centered on the application of Again I’m grateful for the kind about 4 feet.