UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Research and Analysis Working Group MKUKUTA Monitoring System Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs December 2009 Further information and further copies of this report can be obtained from: MKUKUTA Secretariat, Poverty Eradication Division, Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment P.O. Box 9242, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255(22) 2113856 / 2124107 Email: [email protected] Website: www.povertymonitoring.go.tz And from the Secretariat for the Research and Analysis and Working Group: Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Plot 157 Mgombani Street, Regent Estate P.O. Box 33223, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255(22)2700083 / (0) 784 555 655 Email: [email protected] Website: www.repoa.or.tz Published by: REPOA on behalf of the Research and Analysis Working Group Graphic Design and Printing by Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd © Research and Analysis Working Group, 2009 Cover Photograph Deo Simba ISBN: 978-9987-08-057-1 Mkuki na Nyota Publishers 978-9987-61-544-5 REPOA Suggested Citation: Research and Analysis Working Group, United Republic of Tanzania. 'Poverty and Human Development Report 2009'. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Suggested Keywords: Tanzania, poverty, economics, education, health, sanitation, governance, growth, social protection, agriculture, water. COnTEnTS List of Tables ...................................................................................................... x List of Figures ....................................................................................................xii List of Abbreviations ..........................................................................................xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................xix EXECUTIVE Summary ..................................................................................xxi Progress Towards the Goals of Growth, Social Well-being and Governance ....... xxi Growth and Reduction of Income Poverty.............................................................................xxi Improvement in Quality of Life and Social Well-being ..........................................................xxv Education..................................................................................................................xxiii Health........................................................................................................................xxiii Water.and.Sanitation.................................................................................................xxiii Social.Protection...................................................................................................... xxiv Governance and Accountability ........................................................................................... xxiv Policy Implications ...................................................................................................xxv Monitoring Implications ......................................................................................... xxvii The Role of the State in a Developing Market Economy ..................................... xxvii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter Progress towards the Goals of growth, social 1 WELL-BEING AND GOvERNANCE ........................................... 3 MKUKUTA Cluster I: Growth and Reduction of Income Poverty ....... 3 Cluster-wide Indicators ............................................................................................... 3 GDP Growth ............................................................................................................................. 4 GDP Growth by Sector ............................................................................................................ 5 Household Income (Consumption) Poverty and Inequality.................................................... 11 Income.Poverty.......................................................................................................... 11 Income.Inequality....................................................................................................... 12 Income.Poverty.and.GDP.Growth.............................................................................. 13 iii pOVERTY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repORT 2009 CONteNts Goal 1: Ensuring Sound Economic Management ............................................ 14 Inflation ............................................................................................................. 14 Central Government Revenue .......................................................................... 15 Fiscal Deficit ..................................................................................................... 15 Exports .............................................................................................................. 16 Goal 2: Promoting Sustainable and Broad-based Growth .............................. 16 Domestic Credit to the Private Sector .............................................................. 16 Foreign Direct Investment ................................................................................. 16 Interest Rate Spread ......................................................................................... 18 Unemployment ................................................................................................. 19 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 21 Roads............................................................................................................ 21 Ports.............................................................................................................. 21 Environmental.Impact.Assessments............................................................. 22 Goal 3: Improving Food Availability and Accessibility at Household Level in Urban and Rural Areas ........................................................... 22 Food Self-sufficiency ........................................................................................ 23 Districts with Food Shortages .......................................................................... 23 Households Who Consume No More than One Meal a Day ............................ 24 Goals 4 and 5: Reducing Income Poverty of Both Men and Women in Rural and Urban Areas ........................................................................ 24 Smallholder Agriculture ..................................................................................... 24 Goal 6: Provision of Reliable and Affordable Energy ....................................... 26 Customers Connected to Sources of Electricity............................................... 27 Main Source of Energy for Cooking .................................................................. 27 Electricity for Production .................................................................................. 27 Electricity Generation and Utilisation ................................................................ 28 Conclusions and Policy Implications – Cluster I ................................................... 29 Implications for Monitoring – Cluster I ................................................................... 30 Table of Indicators for Cluster 1 ............................................................................. 31 iv pOVERTY aND hUMaN DeVeLOpMeNt repORT 2009 CONteNts Improvement of Quality of Life and Social MKUKUTA Cluster II: Well-Being ....................................................... 39 Goal 1: Equitable Access to Quality Primary and Secondary Education for Boys and Girls, Universal Literacy among Men and Women, and Expansion of Higher, Technical and Vocational Education ................ 39 Literacy ............................................................................................................. 40 Pre-primary Education ...................................................................................... 40 Primary Education ............................................................................................ 41 Net.Primary.School.Enrolment.Rate.............................................................. 41 Percentage.of.Primary.Cohort.Completing.Standard.VII.............................. 43 Percentage.of.Students.Passing.the.Primary.School.Leaving.Examination.. 43 Percentage.of.Teachers.with.Relevant.Qualifications.................................... 44 Pupil/Teacher.Ratio....................................................................................... 45 Pupil/Text.Book.Ratio.................................................................................... 45 Quality.in.Primary.Education.and.Financial.Allocations................................ 45 Secondary Education ....................................................................................... 47 Transition.Rate.from.Standard.VII.to.Form.1................................................. 47 Net.Secondary.Enrolment............................................................................. 47 Percentage.of.Students.Passing.the.Form.4.Examination............................ 49 Higher Education .............................................................................................. 50 Enrolment.in.Higher.Education.Institutions................................................... 50 Technical and vocational