The Historical Narrative of San Pedro Creek By Maria Watson Pfeiffer and David Haynes [Note: The images reproduced in this internal report are all in the public domain, but the originals remain the intellectual property of their respective owners. None may be reproduced in any way using any media without the specific written permission of the owner. The authors of this report will be happy to help facilitate acquiring such permission.] Native Americans living along San Pedro Creek and the San Antonio River 10,000 years ago were sustained by the swiftly flowing waterways that nourished a rich array of vegetation and wildlife. This virtual oasis in an arid landscape became a stopping place for Spanish expeditions that explored the area in the 17th and early 18th centuries. It was here that Governor Domingo Terán de los Ríos, accompanied by soldiers and priests, camped under cottonwood, oak, and mulberry trees in June 1691. Because it was the feast of Saint Anthony de Padua, they named the place San Antonio.1 In April 1709 an expedition led by Captain Pedro de Aguirre, including Franciscan missionaries Fray Isidro Félix de Espinosa and Fray Antonio Buenventura Olivares, visited here on the way to East Texas to determine the possibility of establishing new missions there. On April 13 Espinosa, the expedition’s diarist, wrote about a lush valley with a plentiful spring. “We named it Agua de San Pedro.” Nearby was a large Indian settlement and a dense growth of pecan, cottonwood, cedar elm, and mulberry trees. Espinosa recorded, “The river, which is formed by this spring, could supply not only a village, but a city, which could easily be founded here.”2 When Captain Domingo Ramón visited the area in 1716, he also recommended that a settlement be established here, and within two years Viceroy Marqués de Valero directed Governor Don Martín de Alarcón to found a town on the river. Alarcón, accompanied by soldiers and their families and livestock, arrived on April 25, 1718, followed by Father Olivares who was assigned the task of establishing the settlement’s mission. Father Olivares founded Mission San Antonio de Valero, “near the first spring, half a league from a high ground adjoining a small thicket of live oaks.”3 In a ceremony held on May 5, 1718, Alarcón formally founded the town with its protective presidio near San Pedro Springs, naming it the Villa de Béxar in honor of the brother of the Viceroy.4 The settlers constructed their temporary houses near the springs and established their fields east of the creek. These houses, like the first church built by Father Olivares, were jacales constructed of wood, mud, and straw–a type of construction used for many years. Later houses were built of more substantial adobe, caliche block, and stone. Crops planted soon after the settlers arrived failed, and they then worked with indigenous people to dig an irrigation ditch to channel water from the east side of San Pedro Creek. The shallow 1 I Waynne Cox. The Spanish Acequias of San Antonio. (San Antonio: Maverick Publishing Company, 2005) 10. 2 Ibid. 3 Fray Francisco Céliz, Diary of the Alarcón Expedition into Texas, 1718-1719, trans. Fritz Leo Hoffman (Los Angeles: The Quivira Society, 1935) 318. 4 Celiz 49. ditch, which was completed by early 1719, ran in a southeasterly direction and irrigated about 300 acres before flowing into the San Antonio River near today’s Tobin Center.5 The mission’s first site lacked adequate land for cultivation and grazing, so in 1719 Father Olivares selected a new location east of the river. To irrigate the extensive fields both above and below the mission, a new acequia was diverted from the river below its headwaters. (The mission would move again in 1724 to its final site on today’s Alamo Plaza.) When the Marqués de Aguayo arrived in the Villa de Béxar in early 1722, he found that the settlement near San Pedro Springs had been burned. Aguayo ordered the presidio be moved south to a new site between the creek and river and be rebuilt in a fortress-like manner on today’s Plaza de Armas. Soldiers and other settlers built houses and farmed in the surrounding area that belonged to the presidio. The arrival of fourteen families from the Canary Islands in 1731 introduced a new community dynamic. Because land west of San Pedro Creek was at risk from ongoing Indian attacks and lacked irrigation, the colonists were settled immediately east of the presidio. In July 1732 Captain Juan Antonio Pérez de Almazán laid out the new community that included a central plaza, the ejido (town common), and land for grazing and farming (the labores). The subdivided lots were then granted to Isleños.6 To provide water to the Barrio del Norte (land north of the presidio), the presidio, and new villa, as well as 400 acres below the villa that were farmed by the Isleños and other settlers, an acequia was dug from San Pedro Springs south to near the creek’s confluence with the San Antonio River. The four-mile long acequia was completed by 1734, and the old acequia that served the Barrio del Norte was abandoned.7 Under its charter from the King of Spain, the municipality received land north of the town site that was to be used to generate funds for public works. By the 1740s these propios, as they were called, were exhausted. To accommodate growth, land north of the propios was rented to generate income. Additional land for expansion became available after peace was reached with the Apaches in 1745, and the town council was able to make grants west of San Pedro Creek. During the 1760s eighteen land grants were made west of the creek. Beyond these grants to the west, early documents referred to “the woods,” “uncultivated land,” and the “community corral.”8 5 Cox, 18. Jesus De la Teja, San Antonio de Béxar: A Community on New Spain’s Northern Frontier (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1995) 8. 6 Martha Doty Freeman and Maria Watson Pfeiffer, Intensive Archival Research on New City Blocks 248, 293, and 915 Comprising the Police Headquarters Location for the Proposed New Federal Courthouse in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Miscellaneous Reports of Investigations 500. Geo-Marine, Inc., Plano (2010), 11. 7 Some historians have suggested it is possible that the new acequia was actually an extension of the original, 1719 San Pedro Acequia (e-mail correspondence, Kay Hindes to Maria Watson Pfeiffer, October 20, 2015). 8 Maria Watson Pfeiffer and Kristi Miller Ulrich, Archaeological and Historical Background Review of the Santa Rosa Police and Fire Administration Building, San Antonio: UTSA Center for Archaeological Research, 2010, 18. Landmarks cited in grants included both the creek and “a road called by many names,” but known later as Laredo Street. The road was depicted on a map drawn by Luis Antonio Menchaca in 1764.9 A map drawn by José de Urrutia in 1767 did not show Laredo Street but did illustrate settlement clustered along the creek–primarily north and east of the presidio and villa. Farm plots of various sizes extended north of the villa, west of the creek, and from the creek east to the San Antonio River. Both maps illustrate the town still tightly clustered around the Plaza de las Armas (Military Plaza) and Plaza de las Islas (Main Plaza). The Menchaca map also illustrated roads from the Rio Grande and San Saba entering the town through the rugged landscape to the west.10 Below the plazas and west of the creek in the late 1700s there was still an ongoing threat of Indian attacks. As a result the town remained largely concentrated east of the creek near the presidio and villa. North of the villa development was closely organized around Flores Street and the San Pedro Acequia. Nonetheless, some residents petitioned for, and received, land west of the creek. Those who settled or farmed there drew water from the creek and an acequia that is referenced in deeds dating to the 1770s. The acequia, which was still in existence in the late 1850s, ran from the west side of the creek at the Perez Street crossing (now under Interstate 10) and returned to the creek near today’s Guadalupe Street.11 The number of soldiers assigned to the presidio grew to eighty by 1773, the same year that residents of Los Adaes in East Texas were relocated to Béxar. The increased population further complicated limited allocations of land and water. By 1779 there were over 1,200 civilians and 270 soldiers and their family members in addition to the mission residents. Secularization of the missions, notably Mission San Antonio de Valero in 1793, resulted in an increase of land available for distribution and settlement. While some property was granted to indigeneous people who had lived at the mission, more land was given to non-Indian townspeople.12 Governor Manuel Salcedo restructured the local government by dividing the town into barrios– the Barrio del Sur, Barrio del Norte, Barrio del Alamo, La Villita, El Portrero, and lastly, in 1809, the Barrio de Laredo. Each barrio was represented by its own commissioner. At that time the population of the Barrio de Laredo along today’s Laredo Street included 36 households of working class residents including farm hands, tailors, painters, and a laundress. Only the year before the Catholic cemetery (Campo Santo) had been established just to the north on the west side of the creek. The new cemetery, on the site of today’s Santa Rosa Hospital, replaced the small burial ground associated with San Fernando Church since the 1700s.13 9 Freeman & Pfeiffer, 12; De la Teja, 36.