CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–743 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT C O N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Statement From the Chairs ............................................................................. 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 3 Key Findings ..................................................................................................... 7 Political Prisoner Cases of Concern ................................................................ 20 General Recommendations to Congress and the Administration ................. 27 Political Prisoner Database ............................................................................. 33 II. Human Rights ..................................................................................................... 37 Freedom of Expression ..................................................................................... 37 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 37 China’s Compliance with International Standards on Freedom of Ex- pression ...................................................................................................... 39 30 Years after Tiananmen ........................................................................... 39 Press Freedom and Tiananmen ................................................................... 41 Freedom of the Press .................................................................................... 41 Internet and Social Media ............................................................................ 45 Curtailment of Academic Freedom in China .............................................. 47 Worker Rights ................................................................................................... 58 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 58 Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining .................................................... 61 Heightened Suppression of Labor Rights Advocacy ................................... 61 Jasic Incident ................................................................................................ 62 Civil Society Organizations .......................................................................... 62 Worker Strikes and Protests ........................................................................ 64 996.ICU Campaign and Excessive Overtime .............................................. 65 Social Insurance ............................................................................................ 65 Employment Relationships .......................................................................... 66 Work Safety and Industrial Accidents ........................................................ 67 Occupational Health ..................................................................................... 68 Criminal Justice ............................................................................................... 77 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 77 Introduction ................................................................................................... 80 Use of Criminal Law to Punish Rights Advocates ..................................... 80 Arbitrary Detention ...................................................................................... 81 Chinese Authorities’ Retaliatory Use of Criminal Law against Canadian Citizens ...................................................................................................... 83 Ongoing Challenges in Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Law 84 Torture and Abuse in Custody ..................................................................... 86 Medical Care in Custody .............................................................................. 86 Wrongful Conviction ..................................................................................... 87 Policing .......................................................................................................... 87 Death Penalty ............................................................................................... 88 Organ Harvesting ......................................................................................... 89 Freedom of Religion .......................................................................................... 101 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 101 International and Chinese Law on Religious Freedom ............................. 104 Policies and Regulations Pertaining to Religious Freedom ....................... 104 Buddhism (Non-Tibetan) and Taoism ......................................................... 106 Christianity—Catholicism ............................................................................ 107 Christianity—Protestantism ........................................................................ 107 Falun Gong .................................................................................................... 109 Islam .............................................................................................................. 109 Other Religious Communities ...................................................................... 110 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT IV Page II. Human Rights—Continued Ethnic Minority Rights .................................................................................... 116 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 116 Introduction ................................................................................................... 118 Party and State ‘‘Sinicization’’ of Ethnic Minorities .................................. 118 Policies Affecting Hui Islamic Communities .............................................. 118 Grassland Protests in Inner Mongolia ........................................................ 119 Detention of Mongol Writers ........................................................................ 120 Population Control ........................................................................................... 123 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 123 International Standards and China’s Coercive Population Policies ......... 125 Coercive Implementation and Punishment for Noncompliance ................ 125 Report of Forced Sterilization in Mass Internment Camps in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ..................................................... 127 The Universal Two-Child Policy .................................................................. 127 Demographic and Humanitarian Consequences of Population Control Policies ....................................................................................................... 128 Special Topic: Migrant Neighborhoods a Target of Anti-Crime and Vice Campaign ....................................................................................................... 138 Findings and Recommendations .................................................................. 138 Introduction ................................................................................................... 140 Urban Village Eviction, Demolition, and Surveillance under the Anti- Crime and Vice Campaign: Yuhuazhai in Xi’an ....................................