Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa The journal of scholarship and mätauranga Number 22, 2011 Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is a peer-reviewed publication, published annually by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand It supersedes the following publications: Museum of New Zealand Records (1171-6908); National Museum of New Zealand Records (0110-943X); Dominion Museum Records; Dominion Museum Records in Ethnology. Editorial Board: Ricardo Palma (editorial co-ordinator), Stephanie Gibson, Patrick Brownsey, Athol McCredie, Claire Murdoch (Publisher, Te Papa Press). ISSN 1173-4337 All papers © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 2011 Published June 2011 For permission to reproduce any part of this issue, please contact the editorial co-ordinator, Tuhinga, PO Box 467, Wellington Cover design by Tim Hansen Typesetting by Afineline, Wellington Digital imaging by Jeremy Glyde Printed by Printlink, Wellington Published by Te Papa Press PO Box 467 Wellington Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Number 22, 2011 Contents A revision of the genus Pahoroides (Araneae: Synotaxidae) 1 Brian M. Fitzgerald and Philip J. Sirvid Archaeological investigations at Maungarei: A large Mäori settlement 19 on a volcanic cone in Auckland, New Zealand Janet Davidson Exploring ‘the Rock’: Material culture from Niue Island in Te Papa’s Pacific Cultures collection 101 Safua Akeli and Shane Pasene Identification and description of feathers in Te Papa’s Mäori cloaks 125 Hokimate P. Harwood Obituary: A tribute to Robert Louis Cecil Pilgrim 149 (26 August 1921–7 April 2010), Research Associate, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Ricardo L. Palma The podocarp Afrocarpus falcatus (Podocarpaceae) newly recorded 157 as a casual alien in New Zealand Leon R. Perrie Some terrestrial flatworm taxa (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) 161 of the Subantartic Islands of New Zealand Leigh Winsor Annotated checklist of New Zealand Decapoda (Arthropoda: Crustacea) 171 John C. Yaldwyn and W. Richard Webber Tuhinga 22: 1–17 Copyright © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (2011) A revision of the genus Pahoroides (Araneae: Synotaxidae) Brian M. Fitzgerald* and Philip J. Sirvid** * Research Associate, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand (bmfi[email protected]) ** Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand ([email protected]) ABSTRACT: The genus Pahoroides (Araneae: Synotaxidae: Pahorinae), endemic to New Zealand, is redescribed and revised. Two known species are redescribed and six new species are described (Pahoroides balli, P.kohukohu, P.confusa, P.gallina, P.aucklandica and P.forsteri). The original description of the type species, Pahoroides whangarei Forster, 1990, includes illustrations of the male palp of a second, undescribed species, described here as P.confusa. The genus is presently known only from the northern half of the North Island. KEYWORDS: Revision, New Zealand, spiders, Synotaxidae, Pahorinae, Pahoroides, Pahora, new species. Introduction Methods In addition to the nominate subfamily, the family Synotaxidae Institutional acronyms Forster et al. (1990) includes the subfamilies Physogleninae MONZ = Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Petrunkevitch, 1928, with species from Chile, Australia, Wellington, New Zealand Tasmania and New Zealand; and Pahorinae Forster, 1990, OMNZ = Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand endemic to New Zealand, with four genera (Pahora Forster, Abbreviations for body parts 1990, Pahoroides Forster, 1990, Nomaua Forster, 1990 and Eyes: Runga Forster, 1990). Fitzgerald & Sirvid (2009) revised ALE = anterior lateral eyes the genus Nomaua, synonymised Wairua Forster, 1990 under AME = anterior median eyes Nomaua, and added another five species to the six already PLE = posterior lateral eyes described. Forster et al. (1990) noted that Pahora and PME = posterior median eyes Pahoroides seem to be closely related, Pahora with eight species in the South Island (one of which is also found on Male palp: E = embolus Stewart Island/Rakiura) and one species in Taranaki, and MA = median apophysis Pahoroides with two species restricted to the northern half of PA = prolateral apophysis the North Island. Recent collections of spiders from various PM = patellar macroseta localities in northern North Island have provided specimens RA = retrolateral apophysis of both known species and of six undescribed species of RPT = retrolateral projection of tibia Pahoroides, including one that was incorrectly included TTA = theridioid tegular apophysis in illustrations of Pahoroides whangarei by Forster et al. VA = ventral apophysis (1990: figs194, 197). Here we redescribe Pahoroides courti and P.whangarei from the types and additional material, and Characters that conform to the generic diagnosis are not describe the six new species. repeated in species descriptions. We have distinguished 2 Tuhinga, Number 22 (2011) species of Pahoroides on features of the bulb of the male palp Labium about twice as wide as long and sternum about as and on features of the female epigynal scape and genitalia. In wide as long; coxae IV separated by their width. Male palp describing palps, we use the terminology of Agnarsson (2003, has an elongate paracymbial excavation on proximal edge of 2004). Colour information is based on ethanol-preserved retromargin of cymbium. Female palp has a strong tarsal specimens. Measurements (given in millimetres) for each claw bearing a single tooth (Forster et al. 1990). See Forster species were made using an eyepiece micrometer on a Zeiss et al. (1990) for further information. Stemmi® 2000 binocular micro scope. Full measurements (including total length, and eye and leg measurements) were Genus Pahoroides Forster, 1990 made on one male and one female of each species (identified Pahoroides Forster, 1990 (in Forster et al. 1990: 53). Type by their MONZ electronic database numbers with the prefix species: Pahoroides whangarei Forster, 1990. ‘AS’). Total body length of all measurable specimens was DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Species of Pahoroides are distin- taken for males and females of all species and ranges, means guished from all other pahorines by the elongate epigynal and sample sizes given. The strong retrodistal projection of scape of females, the distal projection on the palpal tibia of the male palpal tibia (Forster et al. 1990: figs192, 193) was males, and elongate tegular apophyses extending beyond the not included in measurements of the tibia of the palp. For the distal margin of the cymbium. DESCRIPTION: figures, specimens were photographed using a Canon® G2 Size: Small, total length of males 2.2–3.3mm, females digital camera on the same microscope, and series of photo- 1.7–2.3mm; legs long. graphs were combined using Zerene Stacker focus-stacking Colour: Carapace dark grey-brown, paler down the mid-line; software, to produce images with extended depth of field. abdomen with pale greyish pattern along the dorsal mid- In locality data, two-letter entomological area codes follow line of the abdomen and pale patches on the lateral surfaces Crosby et al. (1998). All localities are from New Zealand. (Fig.1; see also Forster et al. 1990: figs182–185); sternum and ventral abdomen uniform dark grey-brown. Legs orange- Systematics brown, without banding. Family Synotaxidae Cephalothorax: The eyemound of adult males is small, with four long macrosetae arranged in two pairs, the anterior Subfamily Pahorinae Forster, 1990 pair closely spaced behind the AME, the posterior pair more Pahorinae Forster, 1990 (in Forster et al. 1990: 36). widely spaced, anterior to the PME (Fig.2) (Pahora has TYPE GENUS: Pahora Forster, 1990 (in Forster et al. 1990: similar macrosetae, in the same arrangement). Four setae on 40). the mid-line between the PME and the fovea, three setae in DIAGNOSIS: Based on Forster et al. (1990). In males, the a row from the PLE to the mid-line anterior to the fovea. ocular area behind the AME is setose and in some species is Fovea, relatively wide anteriorly, narrows and deepens in a elevated. Secretory pores are present on the clypeus and eye- V posteriorly (in Pahora it is a transverse furrow (Forster et mound (see Forster et al. 1990: figs133, 134). In males, a al. 1990: fig.130)). pick or paired picks on the posterior margin of the carapace Chelicerae: Promarginal and retromarginal teeth present, engage with a stridulatory file on the antero-dorsal surface of fang furrow with denticles (Forster et al. 1990: fig.189). the abdomen. The male palp has an excavated paracymbium Palp: Males have a long macroseta on the patella; retrolateral on the proximal edge of the retromargin of the cymbium. to it on the distal margin is a small sclerotised knob. The DESCRIPTION: Abdomen of males is more elongate than in tibia has a strong retrodistal projection; this projection bears females; legs long and slender, the first pair much the one or two macrosetae near the distal margin and three longest; leg formula 1243 or 1423. Eight eyes in two rows, trichobothria, two of them with ridged bases (Forster et al. posterior row slightly recurved. AME smallest, other eyes 1990: figs192, 193). The TTA comprises three elements, a subequal. Secretory glands on the clypeus and eyemound long ventral apophysis, a prolateral apophysis extending up open from single pores in Pahoroides and from multipore or around the dorsal side of the ventral apophysis, and a pits in Pahora, Nomaua and Runga (Forster et al. 1990). broad retrolateral apophysis extending up no further than Chelicerae are vertical, with promarginal and retromarginal the tip of the cymbium. The embolus is straight and teeth and a patch of denticles in fang furrow (in contrast to spiniform, originating prolaterally at the base of the bulb. the single row of denticles found in species of Physogleninae). The median apophysis, with a projecting tip, lies between A revision of the genus Pahoroides (Araneae: Synotaxidae) 3 1.0 mm 1.0 mm Fig. 1 Pahoroides whangarei, lateral view of female, showing Fig.