H @ R 2006 HERITAGE AT RISK Special Edition Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts ICOMOS Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts Patrimoine Culturel Subaquatique en Péril : Gérer les impacts naturels et humains Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático en Peligro: Gestión del impacto natural y humano Heritage at Risk Special Edition Hors Série Patrimoine en Péril / Patrimonio en Peligro Número Extraordinario Edited by: Robert Grenier, David Nutley and Ian Cochran Heritage at Risk Special Edition edited by ICOMOS ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and Sites PRESIDENT: Michael Petzet SECRETARY GENERAL: Dinu Bumbaru TREASURER GENERAL: Giora Solar VICE PRESIDENTS: Gustavo Araoz, Kristal Buckley, Tamas Fejerdy, Carlos Pernaut, Guo Zhan OFFICE: International Secretariat of ICOMOS 49 – 51 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris – France ICUCH - International Scientific Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage ICOMOS is very grateful to the UNESCO Division of Cultural Heritage, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication and the Messerschmitt Foundation for their generous support of this publication. EDITORS: Robert Grenier ICUCH, David Nutley ICUCH, Ian Cochran ICOMOS International Secretariat TRANSLATIONS & ICOMOS International Secretariat: PROOFREADING: Gaia Jungeblodt, José Garcia, Ian Cochran, Audra Brecher and Trinidad Rico Parks Canada: Guy Lavoie LAYOUT: Ian Cochran ICOMOS International Secretariat PRINTING & BINDING: Biedermann Offsetdruck, München © 2006 ICOMOS Authors are solely responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in signed articles and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of ICOMOS and do not commit the organisation. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this edition of Heritage at Risk do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICOMOS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Front Cover: Wreck of the Nord, Tasmania, Australia (Mark Spencer) Back Cover: (Top) Sound of Campeche - Reconstruction of a modern shipwreck located in the coastal waters of Campeche, based on information gathered in situ and completed by data found at a local archive (Figure: INAH/SAS) (Bottom) Cayman Islands - Anchor on the Glamis site, planned as the first Cayman Islands Shipwreck Preserve (Alexander Mustard) Inside Front Cover: Orio IV - Vertical view of the wreck after the extraction of the iron mineral cargo placed in sacs around the boat to provide protection against the river currents during the dig; seen at the top of the image is the metallic bulkhead of the new port (Luis Mª Naya-INSUB) Photo Credits: Many photos’ credits can be found in the captions. Most other pictures were provided by the various authors or individuals members of ICOMOS. Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk Contents Contents Introduction to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage — Guido Carducci ....................... i Foreword — Michael Petzet .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction — Robert Grenier ...................................................................................................................................................................... x It’s All About the ‘P’s! — Rick Stanley ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Florida’s Underwater Archaeological Preserves: Preservation through Education — Della A. Scott-Ireton ................................................... 5 Marine Aggregates and Prehistory — Antony Firth ......................................................................................................................................... 8 The Queen of Nations: A Shipwreck with Influence — David Nutley .......................................................................................................... 11 RMS Titanic — Ole Varmer ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 The Sound of Campeche: A Place Full of History — Pilar Luna E. .............................................................................................................. 17 The Monte Cristi “Pipe Wreck” — Jerome Lynn Hall ................................................................................................................................... 20 Foundations in Management of Maritime Cultural Heritage in the Cayman Islands — Margaret E. Leshikar-Denton................................ 23 The Long Struggle between Santa Fe and the San Javier River — Javier García Cano ............................................................................... 26 Pre-Colonial Fish Traps on the South Western Cape Coast, South Africa — John Gribble .......................................................................... 29 Protected Zones and Partnerships: Their Application and Importance to Underwater Cultural Heritage Management — David Nutley .... 32 Old Shipwrecks and New Dredging: An Elizabethan Ship in the Thames — Antony Firth .......................................................................... 35 The Playa Damas Shipwreck: An Early 16th-Century Shipwreck in Panama — Filipe Castro and Carlos Fitzgerald ................................ 38 The Sad Case of the ss Maori — John Gribble .............................................................................................................................................. 41 Atherley Narrows Fish Weirs — R. James Ringer ......................................................................................................................................... 44 The Four Commandments: The Response of Hong Kong SAR to the Impact of Seabed Development on Underwater Cultural Heritage — Cosmos Coroneos .......................................................................................................... 46 Port Royal, Jamaica: Archaeological Past and Development Potential — Donny L. Hamilton ..................................................................... 49 In Situ Site Stabilization: The William Salthouse Case Study — Mark Staniforth ........................................................................................ 52 A Cheap and Effective Method of Protecting Underwater Cultural Heritage — Cosmos Coroneos ............................................................. 55 The In Situ Protection of a Dutch Colonial Vessel in Sri Lankan Waters — M. R. Manders ......................................................................... 58 Managing Threats to Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites: The Yongala as a Case Study — Andrew Viduka ............................................... 61 To Dig or Not to Dig? The Example of the Shipwreck of the Elizabeth and Mary — Marc-André Bernier ................................................ 64 Japanese Midget Sub at Pearl Harbor: Collaborative Maritime Heritage Preservation — Hans Van Tilburg................................................ 67 The In Situ Protection of a 17th Century Trading Vessel in the Netherlands — M. R. Manders ................................................................... 70 Orio IV: The Archaeological Investigation of an Ore Carrier (patache venaquero) from the 16th-Century — Manuel Izaguirre ................ 73 HMS Swift: Scientific Research and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Argentina — Dolores Elkin ................................... 76 The USS Monitor: In Situ Preservation and Recovery — John D. Broadwater ............................................................................................ 79 The Molasses Reef Wreck — Donald H. Keith .............................................................................................................................................. 82 Strategic Options with Regards to “Public Access – Awareness Raising” in Portugal — Francisco J. S. Alves .......................................... 85 Shipwreck: Threatened in Paradise — Paul F. Johnston ................................................................................................................................ 88 The Urbieta Wreck (Gernika) Basque Country — Manuel Izaguirre............................................................................................................. 90 Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in French Polynesia: Fifteen Years of Work by GRAN — Max Guérout and Robert Veccella ........................................................................................................ 93 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage ..................................................................................... 96 i UNESCO Introduction Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk Introduction to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Guido Carducci have joint the Convention). The 2001 Convention does not prejudice Chief, International Standards Section the rights, jurisdiction or duties of states under international law, 3 Division of Cultural Heritage, UNESCO1 including UNCLOS . Every state