Effects of pollution on marine crustaceans in Qatari waters: a baseline survey and a case study on genotoxicity indicators in an endemic shrimp Hassan. Hassan M This thesis is presented to the School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. Supervised by Dr. Debapriya Mondal and Dr. Chiara Benvenuto December 2017 The endemic shrimp Palaemon khori of Al-Khor Qatar (photo: Environmental Science Center (ESC) 2017) ii Table of content Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. iii Contents ................................................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................... x Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................................. xi Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter I: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Trace metal.................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Methylmercury .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Organotins ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Polychlorinated biphenyls ........................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Crustaceans as biomonitors ......................................................................................................... 13 1.7 Genotoxicity ................................................................................................................................ 15 1.8 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter II: Sampling Location and methodology ............................................................................... 18 2.1 Sampling Area ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Analysis Methodology: ............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Trace Metals .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.2. PCB ............................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Organotins ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.4. Methylmercury .............................................................................................................. 24 2.3. Sentinel Species ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. The blue Crab - P. segnis .............................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 The striped barnacle – B. amphitrite ............................................................................. 26 2.3.3 The endemic shrimp – P. khori ..................................................................................... 27 2.4 Quality Control and Quality Assurance ...................................................................................... 27 iii Table of content Chapter III: Occurrence and persistence of trace metals and polychlorinated biphenyls in marine organisms inhabiting Qatari waters ....................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Material and Method: .................................................................................................................. 33 3.3.1 Sample Collection and Preparation ...................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Sample Preparations and Analysis ....................................................................................... 34 3.3.3 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................ 36 3.4 Results: ........................................................................................................................................ 37 3.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 42 3.5.1 Trace Metals .................................................................................................................. 42 3.5.2 PCBs: ............................................................................................................................ 46 3.9 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter IV: Assessment of Organotin Contamination in Selected Marine Biota and Sediment from the Mangrove Habitat in the Arabian Gulf. ................................................................................................ 38 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 39 4.3 Material and Methods ................................................................................................................. 41 4.3.1 The Study Area .................................................................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Sample Collection: ............................................................................................................... 42 4.3.3 Sample preparations and analysis ........................................................................................ 43 4.4 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 45 4.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 51 4.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 54 Chapter V: Determination of methylmercury, in selected fauna and sediments from the mangroves of Qatar. ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 Abstract: ...................................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 55 5.3 Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 57 5.3.1 Sample Collection ................................................................................................................ 57 5.3.2 Sample Preparation .............................................................................................................. 57 5.4 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................................. 59 5.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 65 Table of content Chapter VI: Characterization of the genotoxic effects of trace metals, organotins and methylmercury on the endemic Qatari mangrove shrimp P. Khori ............................................................................... 68 6.1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................