TurkJZool 30(2006)383-392 ©TÜB‹TAK SeasonalFrequencyandRelativeDensityofLarvalPopulationsof MosquitoSpecies(Diptera:Culicidae)infianl›urfaProvince,Turkey* FatihMehmetfi‹MfiEK AdnanMenderesUniversity,FacultyofArtsandScience,DepartmentofBiology,EcologySection,09010Ayd›n-TURKEY Received:27.09.2005 Abstract: ThisresearchwasconductedbetweenJune2000andAugust2002in2regionsoffianl›urfa:one(IR)wheretherewas substantialirrigatedagricultureduetotheSoutheasternAnatoliaProjectandanother(MR)whereahighnumberofmalariacase s weredeterminedeveryyear.Tenspecies,namely Anopheles(Anopheles)claviger Meigen,1804,An.(Anopheles)sacharovi Favre, 1903,An.(Cellia)superpictus Grassi,1899, Culex(Neoculex) martinii Medschid,1930, Cx.(Culex)pipiens Linnaeus,1758, Cx. (Neoculex)territans Walker,1856, Cx.(Culex)theileri Theobald,1903, Culiseta(Allotheobaldia)longiareolata Macquart,1938, Ochlerotatus(Ochlerotatus)caspius Pallas,1771andUranotaenia(Pseudoficalbia)unguiculata Edwards,1903,wererecordedinthis study,andseasonalfrequenciesandrelativedensitiesoflarvalpopulationsweredeterminedseparatelyforeachregion.Based on thefrequencies,relativedensitiesandvectorialsignificanceofspeciesfoundinthisstudy,Culexpipiens,Cx.theileri andOchlerotatus caspius inIRandAnophelesclaviger,An.sacharovi,andAn.superpictus inMRwereofhighersignificance. KeyWords: Mosquitoes,larvalpopulation,frequency,relativedensity,malaria,fianl›urfa fianl›urfa‹li'ndeSivrisinekTürlerinin(Diptera:Culicidae) LarvaPopulasyonlar›n›nMevsimselS›kl›¤›veNisbiYo¤unlu¤u Özet: Buaraflt›rma,fianl›urfa‹li'nin,Güneydo¤uAnadoluProjesikapsam›ndasulutar›muygulamalar›n›nyap›ld›¤›bölgesi(IR)ileher y›lçoksay›das›tmavakas›n›ntespitedildi¤ibölgesinde(MR)Haziran2000-A¤ustos2002tarihleriaras›ndayap›lm›flt›r.Araflt›rmada, Anopheles(Anopheles)claviger Meigen,1804,An.(Anopheles)sacharovi Favre,1903,An.(Cellia)superpictus Grassi,1899,Culex (Neoculex) martinii Medschid,1930,Cx.(Culex)pipiens Linnaeus,1758,Cx.(Neoculex)territans Walker,1856,Cx.(Culex)theileri Theobald,1903, Culiseta(Allotheobaldia)longiareolata Macquart,1938, Ochlerotatus(Ochlerotatus)caspius Pallas,1771ve Uranotaenia(Pseudoficalbia)unguiculata Edwards,1903olmaküzere10sivrisinektürütespitedilmiflvebutürlerinlarva populasyonlar›n›nmevsimsels›kl›klar›venisbiyo¤unluklar›bölgeleregörebelirlenmifltir.Türlerins›kl›klar›,nisbiyo¤unluk lar›ve vektörelönemleridikkateal›nd›¤›nda,IR'de, Culexpipiens,Cx.theileri ve Ochlerotatuscaspius ,MR'de, Anophelesclaviger , An. sacharovi veAn.superpictus türlerinindi¤ertürleregöredahaönemliolduklar›belirlenmifltir. AnahtarSözcükler: sivrisinekler,larvapopulasyonu,s›kl›k,nisbiyo¤unluk,s›tma,fianl›urfa Introduction andbio-ecologicalpropertiesofthemosquitospeciesare fianlıurfaprovince,insoutheasternTurkey,isstillone responsiblefortherateoftransmissionofmosquito- ofthelargestfocusesofmalariainthecountry.Despite bornediseaseslikemalaria.Althoughmostofthese yearsofattemptederadication,malariaremainsamajor factorsarepresentinfianlıurfaprovince,ecological publichealththreatinfianlıurfa,with5447cases propertiessuchasbreedinghabitats,feedinghabits,and reportedbetween1999and2002(Yazgan,2003). larvalandadultpopulationdensitiesofthemosquito Generally,severalfactorssuchasclimaticchange, speciesarethemostimportantones.Inparticular,the environmentalcorruption,progressiveurbanization, breedinghabitatiscrucialformosquitodynamics, populationmovement,irrigationdevelopmentprojects becauseitisthelocationwheremanyimportantlifecycle *ThispaperispartlybasedonmyPhDthesis(Thesisadvisor:Prof.Dr.AyfleBoflgelmez)submittedtoHacettepeUniversityon1 2February2004. 383 SeasonalFrequencyandRelativeDensityofLarvalPopulationsofMosquitoSpecies(Diptera:Culicidae)infianl›urfaProvince,T urkey processestakeplace:oviposition,larvaldevelopment, Malariousarea:Encompassesmostpartsofthe emergenceandprobablyresting,swarming,andmating SiverekandViranflehirdistrictsoffianlıurfa.Theregionis (Overgaardetal.,2002).Furthermore,astrong madeupofmanyhighhills,thehighestofwhichis associationexistsbetweenthedensityanddistributionof Karacada¤.AswemovesouthfromKaracada¤elevation mosquitolarvaeandthatoftheadultvectors.Inaddition, graduallydecreases.Elevationintheregionrangesfrom knowledgeoflarvalpopulationdensityandfrequencyin 500to1900m.Theregionisaruralarearichinnatural breedinghabitatsarecriticalwhenconsideringthe waterreservesandharborsmanyseasonalcreeksflowing controlofmosquito-bornediseases.Therefore,vector fromKaracada¤.Theclimateischaracterizedbyarainy controlstrategiesaimatsuppressinglarvalproduction seasonfromOctobertoMay.Rainfallvariesannually: densities,therebylimitingmosquito-bornedisease 502mmin2000,782mmin2001,and374mmin transmission(Shililuetal.,2003).Thepresentstudyis 2002.Between2000and2002,theaverage thefirstattempttodeterminethedensity,frequency, temperatureandrelativehumiditywere17.6ºCand distribution,andseasonaloccurrenceofthelarval 60%,respectively.Theregioneconomyismainly populationofmosquitospeciesinmalariousandirrigated dependentonlivestockandagriculture.Themaincrops areasoffianlıurfaprovince.Theinformationgatheredin arewheat,lentilandbarley.Ricecultivationispossible thisstudyshouldcontributetotheunderstandingofthe onlyinareaswhereirrigationwaterisabundant.Inthe ecologyofmosquitospeciesoffianlıurfaprovinceandwill region,malariaisstillendemicandoneoftheimportant makeimportantcontributionstotheeffectivenessof infectiousdiseaseswith3476casesreportedbetween malariaandmosquitocontrolprograms. 1999and2002(Yazgan,2003). Irrigatedarea:Theregion,whichcoversmostpartsof MaterialsandMethods theHarranandAkçakaledistrictsoffianlıurfa,isawide plain.Theregionisscarceinnaturalwaterreservesbut Studyarea hasalargenetworkofirrigationchannelsduetoGAP. FieldresearchwascarriedoutfromJune2000to Theclimateoftheregionisrelativelyhotanddry.Rainfall August2002inmalarious(MR)andirrigated(IR)regions variesannually:387mmin2000,546mmin2001,and offianlıurfaprovince(Figure1). 328mmin2002.Theaveragetemperatureandrelative Diyarbak›r N Ad›yaman Siverek 8 9 Hilvan 7 10 Viranflehir 11 Bozova Halfeti 12 Mardin fianl›urfa Birecik Ceylanp›nar Suruç Gaziantep 1 Akçakale3 2 Harran 6 4 5 Syria Figure1.Mapofthestudyareashowingthelocationsoflarvalsamplingquadrats(1-12). 384 F.M.fi‹MfiEK humiditywere18.8ºCand53%,respectively,between whereFisfrequency,Naissamplingnumberofspeciesa, 2000and2002.Themostimportantsourceofincomein andNistotalsamplingnumber. theregionisagriculture.Cottonproductionisvery Thefollowingfrequencyclasseswereadopted(Greig- common,withwheatandlentilalsohavinganimportant Smith,1964;Kocatafl,1992;AltenandBoflgelmez, share.Almostallareaswheretheseproductsaregrown 1996;fiiflli,1996): areheavilyirrigated.Therefore,thisregionisconsidered apotentialsiteforfuturemalariaepidemics;however, F1-sporadic(0%-20%) only3malariacaseswerereportedintheregionfrom F2-infrequent(20.1%-40%) 1999to2002(Yazgan,2003). F3-moderate(40.1%-60%) Larvalsampling F4-frequent(60.1%-80%) Themostimportantbreedinghabitatsofbothregions F5-constant(80.1%-100%) weredetermined,priortoperiodic(monthly)larval sampling.Afterthat,12ofthosehabitats(6ineacharea) Seasonalrelativedensity wereselectedtorepresentthegeneralbreedinghabitats Relativedensitywascalculatedusingthenumberof ofthemosquitoesinbothregionsandlong-lasting specimensofeachspeciesandthenumberofall enoughtomakeperiodicsamplingpossible.Ineach specimens,accordingtothefollowingformula(Kocatafl, 2 selectedbreedinghabitat,samplingquadratsof30m 1992): weredeterminedfortheevaluationoftheseasonallarval D=NA/Nx100 populationfrequenciesandrelativedensitiesof mosquitoesintheregions(Figure1).Ineverysampling whereDisrelativedensity,NAisthenumberof quadrat,one-dipsamplesweretakenrandomlyforevery specimensofspeciesA,andNisthenumberofall 1m 2 onamonthlybasiswithastandardlong-handled specimens. dipper(WHO,1975).Sampleswerealwaystakenbythe sameindividualatthesametimeinthemorning(07:30- 10:30).Everydipsampletakenfromeachquadratwas Results putintoadifferentpotandlabeledbeforetransportation Mosquitospecies totheHarranUniversityResearchLaboratoryof Attheendofthemonthlysamplingstudiesperformed DepartmentofBiology(BL).Thirdandfourthinstar inthe12samplingquadrats, Anopheles claviger, An. larvaewereimmediatelyputintoMacGregorsolution sacharovi,An.superpictus,Culex martinii,Cx.pipiens,Cx. (Snow,1990)inthelaboratory,whereasfirstandsecond territans,Cx.theileri,Culiseta longiareolata,Ochlerotatus instarswereallowedtodevelopbeforeputtinginto caspius and Uranotaenia unguiculata werefound. MacGregorsolution.Attheendofthesamplingperiod,all Distributionandtotalnumberofmosquitolarvaeinthe samplesweretransportedfromBLtotheHacettepe breedinghabitatsareshowninTable1. UniversityEcologicalSciencesResearchLaboratories (ESRLs).Identificationwasperformedusingseveralkeys Seasonalfrequency (DuboseandCurtin,1965;Merdivenci,1984;fiahin, SeasonalfrequenciesofspeciesinIRandMR 1984;Harbach,1985,1988;Snow,1990;Glick,1990; calculatedfromdataobtainedfromlarvalsampling DarsieandSamanidou-Voyadjoglou,1997;Schaffneret quadratsarepresentedinTable2. al.,2001)underthemicroscopeintheESRLs.Finally,the numberoflarvaeofeachspecies,identifiedinevery Monthlyfrequenciesindicatedthatthefrequency quadrat,wasrecorded. ratesof Oc.caspius , Cx.theileri and Cx.pipiens were higherthanthoseof Cx.martinii,An.sacharovi andAn. Seasonalfrequency superpictusinIR.Whenspeciesareevaluatedbasedon Frequencywascalculatedmonthlybyusingsampling frequencyclasses, Oc.caspius ,havingthehighest numberofeachspeciesandtotalsamplingnumber, frequencyrates,canberegardedasmoderate(F3)or accordingtothefollowingformula(Kocatafl,1992;fiiflli, frequent(F4)speciesinmostofthemonthsinwhichthis 1996): specieswassampled,and