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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON HUMANITIES FACULTY Centre for Maritime Archaeology Volume 1 of 1 Defining the Construction Characteristics of Indigenous Boats of the Philippines: The Impact of Technical Change Pre and Post Colonisation by Martin Roderick Stead Thesis for the degree of Master of Philosophy March 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT HUMANITIES FACULTY Maritime Archaeology Thesis for degree of Doctor of Master of Philosophy: Martin Roderick Stead Defining the Construction Characteristics of Indigenous Boats of the Philippines: The Impact of Technical Change Pre and Post Colonisation The thesis reviews the key construction characteristics of traditional vessels used by the inhabitants of the Philippines at the time of European colonisation in the sixteenth century. These included the use of carved rather than sawn wood, the use of outriggers, and the utilisation of dowel technology and the lashed lug technique to maintain hull stability. The social context of the local maritime culture is analysed, as is the relationship between the Philippine communities and the sea. Prior to colonisation, the Philippines were involved in a trading network with other parts of Southeast Asia and particularly China. This thesis will review evidence of the interplay between indigenous technology and external influences from other parts of Asia. After colonisation the Spanish began the construction of European-style vessels using Philippine resources. The impact of this experience on traditional boat-building is traced. The methodology used is an analysis of the relevant maritime archaeological sites and museum collections in the Philippines. This is complemented by an analysis of historical accounts by visitors, priests and colonial officials. The results incorporate the ethnographic studies of traditional boats still in use, carried out by the author. A tour of Southeast Asian sites was undertaken to put the Philippine results in context. The integration of the traditional style of boat building and imported technology to produce the modern Philippine banca is reviewed. Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ viiii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................................. xii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... xiii Definitions, Style and Abbreviations .................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Previous Approaches .................................................................................. 15 1.2 Research Question ........................................................................................ 16 1.3 Present Approach .......................................................................................... 18 1.3.1 Origins of Philippine Maritime Culture ............................................ 18 1.3.2 Physical Environment ................................................................................. 19 1.3.3 The Archaeological Tradition ................................................................. 20 1.3.4 Historical Accounts ...................................................................................... 21 1.3.5 Ethnological Studies .................................................................................... 22 1.3.6 Linguistic Evidence ....................................................................................... 22 1.3.7 Comparison with Other Southeast Asian Evidence ................... 23 1.4 Basic Boat Design .......................................................................................... 23 1.4.1 Plank-Built Boats ............................................................................................ 24 1.4.2 Logboats ............................................................................................................. 26 1.4.3 Other vessel Types ....................................................................................... 26 1.4.4 Outriggers ......................................................................................................... 27 1.4.5 Motive Power ................................................................................................... 27 1.4.6 Boat Nomenclature ....................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: The Physical Environment of the Philippines......................... 35 2.1 Size and Location ......................................................................................... 35 2.2 Geology and Geomorphology ................................................................. 35 2.3 Climate ................................................................................................................ 37 iii 2.4 Sailing Conditions ........................................................................................ 37 2.5 Flora and Fauna.............................................................................................. 41 Chapter 3: The People and Maritime Culture of the Philippines ......... 47 3.1 Archaeology of the Pre-Colonial Philippines ................................ 47 3.2 Ethnicity .............................................................................................................. 49 3.3 Religion ............................................................................................................... 50 3.4 The Development of Philippine Society ........................................... 51 3.5 Contact with Other Societies .................................................................. 51 3.6 The Colonial Settlement ............................................................................ 53 3.7 Population ......................................................................................................... 54 3.8 Maritime Culture of the Philippines ................................................... 55 Chapter 4: Theory and Methodology ................................................................... 61 4.1 Stasis and Change in Boat Design ...................................................... 61 4.2 Indigenous Vessels in the Landscape ............................................... 62 4.3 Academic Literature Review and Interviews ................................. 63 4.4 Historical Literary Sources since the Sixteenth Century ....... 63 4.5 Theories of Development of the Indigenous Boat Types .... 64 4.6 The Analysis of Archaeological Sites ................................................ 70 4.7 Iconography ..................................................................................................... 72 4.8 Ethnographic Surveys ................................................................................. 72 4.9 International Comparisons...................................................................... 73 4.10 Data Base ........................................................................................................... 74 4.11 Integration......................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 5: The Logboats of the Philippines .................................................... 79 5.1 Terminology ..................................................................................................... 79 5.2 The Development of the Logboat ........................................................ 80 5.3 Design Features of the Logboat.......................................................... 81 5.4 Construction of the Logboat .................................................................. 83 5.5 Logboats of the Philippines .................................................................... 85 5.5.1 Rosales Logboat ............................................................................................ 86 iv 5.5.2 Logboat Recorded in Cebu ....................................................................... 87 5.5.3 The Manila Bay Logboat ............................................................................. 87 5.5.4 Models from the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford .............................. 88 5.5.5 The Dumagete Logboat ............................................................................