Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin ROTARY DRILLING SERIES

ROTARY DRILLING SERIES Unit I: The Rig and Its Maintenance Lesson 1: The Rotary Rig and Its Components Lesson 2: The Bit Lesson 3: Drill String and Drill Collars Lesson 4: Rotary, Kelly, Swivel, Tongs, and Top Drive Lesson 5: The Blocks and Drilling Line Lesson 6: The Drawworks and the Compound Lesson 7: Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment Lesson 8: Diesel Engines and Electric Power Lesson 9: The Auxiliaries Lesson 10: Safety on the Rig Unit II: Normal Drilling Operations Lesson 1: Making Hole Lesson 2: Drilling Fluids Lesson 3: Drilling a Straight Hole Lesson 4: Casing and Cementing Lesson 5: Testing and Completing Unit III: Nonroutine Operations Lesson 1: Controlled Directional Drilling Lesson 2: Open-Hole Fishing Lesson 3: Blowout Prevention Unit IV: Man Management and Rig Management Unit V: Offshore Technology Lesson 1: Wind, Waves, and Weather Lesson 2: Spread Mooring Systems Lesson 3: Buoyancy, Stability, and Trim Lesson 4: Jacking Systems and Rig Moving Procedures Lesson 5: Diving and Equipment Lesson 6: Vessel Inspection and Maintenance Lesson 7: Helicopter Safety Lesson 8: Orientation for Offshore Crane Operations Lesson 9: Life Offshore Lesson 10: Marine Riser Systems and Subsea Blowout Preventers Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vieira, João Luiz, 1958– Controlled directional drilling / by João Luiz Vieira. — 4th ed. p. cm. — (Rotary drilling series ; unit 3, lesson 1) Rev. ed. of: Controlled directional drilling. 1984 Includes index. ISBN-10 0-88698-254-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-13 978-0-88698-254-6 (alk. paper) 1. Directional drilling. I. Title. TN871.23.C66 2009 627'.3381—dc22 2009020392 CIP Disclaimer Althoughallreasonablecarehasbeentakeninpreparingthispublication,the authors, the Petroleum Extension Service (PETEX™) of The University of TexasatAustin, andanyotherindividualsandtheiraffiliatedgroupsinvolved in preparing this content, assume no responsibility for the consequences of its use. Each recipient should ensure he or she is properly trained and informed about the unique policies and practices regarding application of the information contained herein. Any recommendations, descriptions, and methods in this book are presented solely for educational purposes. ©2009 by The University of Texas at Austin All rights reserved First Edition published 1969. Third Edition 1984. Fourth Edition 2009. Second Impression 2012 Printed in the United States of America This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without permission of Petroleum Extension Service, The University of Texas at Austin. Brand names, company names, trademarks, or other identifying symbols appearinginillustrationsand/ortextareusedforeducationalpurposesonly and do not constitute an endorsement by the author or the publisher. Catalog no. 2.30140 ISBN 0-88698-254-5 978-0-88698-254-6 Graphic Designer: Debbie Caples No state tax funds were used to publish this book. The University of T e xas at Austin is an equal opportunity employe r . Cover Art: E. K. Weaver ii Figures vContents Foreword Preface vii ix ▼▼▼Acknowledgments About the Author xi xiii Units of Measurement xiv Introduction to Directional Drilling The Drilling Mavericks 1 2<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">To summarize </li><li style="flex:1">6</li></ul>Directional Wells 7<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Basic Well Patterns </li><li style="flex:1">7</li></ul>Applications Well Plan 9 11 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">To summarize </li><li style="flex:1">18 </li></ul>Directional Surveying 19 Photographic Instruments Magnetic Single-Shot Magnetic Multishot 22 24 29 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">30 </li><li style="flex:1">Gyroscopic Multishot </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">True North Reference Surveying </li><li style="flex:1">32 </li></ul>Downhole Telemetry Steering Tool 34 36 Mud-Pulse Telemetry Plotting Survey Results 37 41 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Survey Calculation Methods </li><li style="flex:1">44 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">To summarize </li><li style="flex:1">47 </li></ul>Changing Course 49 Deflection Tools Whipstocks 49 50 Jet Deflection Bits Downhole Motors 52 53 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Orienting the Tool </li><li style="flex:1">60 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Rotating, Sliding, and Well Tortuosity </li><li style="flex:1">62 </li></ul>Rotary Steerables Bottomhole Assemblies Fulcrum Assembly 63 65 66 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">66 </li><li style="flex:1">Pendulum Assembly </li></ul>Packed-Hole Assembly Downhole Motor Assembly To summarize 69 68 68 iii Special Applications 71 Extended Reach Drilling Multilateral Wells 71 73 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">75 </li><li style="flex:1">Horizontal Drilling </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Three-Dimensional or Designer Wells </li><li style="flex:1">82 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">To summarize </li><li style="flex:1">83 </li></ul>Special Problems 85 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Tortuosity </li><li style="flex:1">86 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Formation Effect </li><li style="flex:1">89 </li></ul>Hydraulics Friction 90 92 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">To summarize </li><li style="flex:1">93 </li></ul>In Summary 95 Appendix Glossary 99 105 Review Questions 119 Index 125 133 Answers iv About the Author ▼▼▼oãoLuizVieiraisGlobalProd- JuctChampionfordrillingtools of the Sperry Drilling Services global team of Halliburton (2009). He is responsible for introducing and marketing performance-drilling technology, including promoting a new vertical drilling tool, V-Pilot, and the mud motor-powered rotary steerable Geo-Pilot GXT. VieirajoinedHalliburtonin2001asanaccountrepresentativefor PetrobrasdirectionaldrillingandMLWD(measurementandlogging while drilling) contracts in Brazil. He was later assigned to operations managementforSperryDrillingServicesinBrazilandlater,toBusiness Development where he handled accounts for Sperry’s contracts with theinternationaloilcompaniesinBrazilbeforeleadingcontractefforts for Petrobras in Vitoria. Vieira came to Houston in 2005 as Business Development Manager for the Latin America Region in charge of introducing new technologies in the region. His success positioned him for his current leadership role as global product champion. Vieira has a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo in Brazil. He immediately joined Petrobras as a petroleum engineer and received training in Petrobras Corporate University in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Vieira managed directional drilling efforts for 18 years in northeast Brazil and in the CamposBasininMacae. Hecoauthoredabookondirectionaldrilling inBrazilandcontributedtonumerouspapersandarticlesondirectional drilling technologies. A seasoned instructor, Vieira has also taught classes on directional drilling to corporate personnel worldwide. xiii Units of Measurement ▼▼▼hroughouttheworld,twosystemsofmeasurementdominate:the TEnglish system and the metric system. Today, the United States is one of only a few countries that employ the English system. The English system uses the pound as the unit of weight, the foot as the unit of length, and the gallon as the unit of capacity. In the English system, for example, 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 yard equals 36 inches, and 1 mile equals 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards. The metric system uses the gram as the unit of weight, the metre as the unit of length, and the litre as the unit of capacity. In the metric system, 1 metre equals 10 decimetres, 100 centimetres, or 1,000 millimetres. A kilometre equals 1,000 metres. The metric system, unlike the English system, uses a base of 10; thus, it is easy to convert from oneunittoanother.ToconvertfromoneunittoanotherintheEnglish system, you must memorize or look up the values. In the late 1970s, the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures described and adopted the Systeme International (SI) d’Unites.ConferenceparticipantsbasedtheSIsystemonthemetricsystem and designed it as an international standard of measurement. The Rotary Drilling Series gives both English and SI units. And because the SI system employs the British spelling of many of the terms, the book follows those spelling rules as well. The unit of length, for example, is metre, not meter. (Note, however, that the unit of weight is gram, not gramme.) To aid U.S. readers in making and understanding the conversion system, we include the table on the next page. xiv English-Units-to-SI-Units Conversion Factors <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Quantity </li><li style="flex:1">Multiply </li><li style="flex:1">To Obtain </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">These SI Units </li><li style="flex:1">or Property </li><li style="flex:1">English Units </li><li style="flex:1">English Units By </li></ul>Length, depth, or height <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">inches (in.) </li><li style="flex:1">25.4 </li></ul>2.54 0.3048 0.9144 1609.344 1.61 millimetres (mm) centimetres (cm) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">metres (m) </li><li style="flex:1">feet (ft) </li></ul>yards (yd) miles (mi) metres (m) metres (m) kilometres (km) Hole and pipe diameters, bit size Drilling rate inches (in.) feet per hour (ft/h) pounds (lb) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">25.4 </li><li style="flex:1">millimetres (mm) </li></ul>metres per hour (m/h) decanewtons (dN) millimetres (mm) 0.3048 0.445 0.8 Weight on bit <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Nozzle size </li><li style="flex:1">32nds of an inch </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">barrels (bbl) </li><li style="flex:1">0.159 </li></ul>159 0.00379 29.57 cubic metres (m3) litres (L) gallons per stroke (gal/stroke) ounces (oz) cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) millilitres (mL) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Volume </li><li style="flex:1">cubic inches (in.3) </li></ul>cubic feet (ft3) 16.387 28.3169 0.0283 0.9464 3.7854 0.00379 2.895 cubic centimetres (cm3) litres (L) cubic metres (m3) quarts (qt) gallons (gal) gallons (gal) litres (L) litres (L) cubic metres (m3) pounds per barrel (lb/bbl) barrels per ton (bbl/tn) kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">cubic metres per tonne (m3/t) </li><li style="flex:1">0.175 </li></ul>gallons per minute (gpm) gallons per hour (gph) barrels per stroke (bbl/stroke) barrels per minute (bbl/min) 0.00379 0.00379 0.159 cubic metres per minute (m3/min) Pump output and flow rate cubic metres per hour (m3/h) cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">cubic metres per minute (m3/min) </li><li style="flex:1">0.159 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Pressure </li><li style="flex:1">pounds per square inch (psi) </li><li style="flex:1">6.895 </li></ul>0.006895 kilopascals (kPa) megapascals (MPa) °F - 32 1.8 28.35 453.59 0.4536 0.9072 1.488 Temperature Mass (weight) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">degrees Fahrenheit (°F) </li><li style="flex:1">degrees Celsius (°C) </li></ul>ounces (oz) pounds (lb) grams (g) grams (g) kilograms (kg) tons (tn) pounds per foot (lb/ft) tonnes (t) kilograms per metre (kg/m) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Mud weight </li><li style="flex:1">pounds per gallon (ppg) </li><li style="flex:1">119.82 </li></ul>16.0 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) </li><li style="flex:1">kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Pressure gradient </li><li style="flex:1">pounds per square inch </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">per foot (psi/ft) </li><li style="flex:1">22.621 </li></ul>1.057 kilopascals per metre (kPa/m) seconds per litre (s/L) pascals (Pa) Funnel viscosity Yield point seconds per quart (s/qt) pounds per 100 square feet (lb/100 ft2) 0.48 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">pounds per 100 square feet (lb/100 ft2) 0.48 </li><li style="flex:1">Gel strength </li></ul>Filter cake thickness Power pascals (Pa) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">32nds of an inch </li><li style="flex:1">0.8 </li><li style="flex:1">millimetres (mm) </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">horsepower (hp) </li><li style="flex:1">0.75 </li><li style="flex:1">kilowatts (kW) </li></ul>square inches (in.2) square feet (ft2) square yards (yd2) square miles (mi2) acre (ac) <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">6.45 </li><li style="flex:1">square centimetres (cm2) </li></ul>square metres (m2) square metres (m2) square kilometres (km2) hectare (ha) 0.0929 0.8361 2.59 Area 0.40 Drilling line wear Torque <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">ton-miles (tn•mi) </li><li style="flex:1">14.317 </li><li style="flex:1">megajoules (MJ) </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1.459 </li><li style="flex:1">tonne-kilometres (t•km) </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">foot-pounds (ft•lb) </li><li style="flex:1">1.3558 </li><li style="flex:1">newton metres (N•m) </li></ul>xv INTRODUCTION Introduction to Directional Drilling ▼▼▼irectional drilling is a special drilling operation used when a well is Dintentionally curved to reach a bottom location. The well follows an angular line from the surface to the target. These wells are known as deviated wells and are made for several reasons, such as: ••• The bottom target might be located under an obstruction such as a building or lake where rigging up over the site is not possible. To reach several bottom locations, it might be necessary to drill multiple wells from a fixed place, such as on an offshore platform or an onshore drilling island. A section of an existing well might become blocked with fragmented drilling tools, or a well might be drilled in an unproductive part of the reservoir. In this case, the lower part of the well can be plugged in and the well deviated, or kicked off, in another direction. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">•</li><li style="flex:1">Some reservoirs are more efficiently produced by wells </li></ul>drilled at angles of 90 degrees or more. These are known as horizontal wells because of their extreme inclination angle from vertical. Many techniques can be used to drill directional wells but the general concept remains the same: point the bit in the direction to drill. From the beginning, drillers have devised innovative means to reach hard-to-reach targets. Motivated by the contents of distant reservoirs, drillers have developed various methods of directing holes to bypass obstructions or hit zones in challenging locations. Over time and trials, these methods have become increasingly sophisticated and exact by applying new technologies to improve drilling precision. It is because of this increased precision that these practices have become known as controlled directional drilling—a practice now widely used to drill areas once impossible to reach, and to do so efficiently and economically. 1INTRODUCTION Directional Wells ▼▼▼In this chapter: ••••• Basic patterns for directional wells Various applications of directional drilling Influential factors in planning the hole How to interpret well structure and slab plots Managing the risk of intercepting other wells irectional drilling has a wide variety of applications. The plan Dfor each hole is tailored to each situation. Reservoir location, surface accessibility, formation hardness, and equipment availability all play roles in planning well trajectory. However, most directional wells follow one of three basic patterns (fig. 5). Basic Well Patterns Figure 5. Basic well patterns <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">TYPE I </li><li style="flex:1">TYPE II </li><li style="flex:1">TYPE III </li></ul>7INTRODUCTION Directional Surveying ▼▼▼In this chapter: •••• Different types of directional surveys Instruments used to measure, record, and transmit data Survey results and what they indicate Bottomhole calculations and uncertainties straight(nondirectional)holeisroutinelymeasuredtoensurethat drift angle stays within specified limits. In directional drilling, however, both drift angle and direction must be determined at various depths to compare the actual course of the hole with the planned course (fig. 16). ATo monitor the hole’s trajectory, the directional driller takes surveys as needed and might use single shots, steering tools, or measurement while drilling (MWD), depending on the type of tools avail- able on the rig. (Each one of these systems will be discussed briefly in this book.) Single-shot surveys can often be completed during routine drilling operations; for instance, just before tripping out for a bit or changing the bottomhole assembly (BHA)—the combination of drill collars, stabilizers, and associated equipment made up just above the bit. Steering tools or MWD systems furnish the directional driller with real-time directional data on the rig floor; that is, they show what is happening downhole during drilling. MWD systems also refer in a more general sense to systems of measuring downhole conditions during routine drilling operations. 19 INTRODUCTION Changing Course ▼▼▼In this chapter: ••••• How deflection tools are used Whipstocks and rotary steerables Jet deflection bits and downhole motors Controlling wellbore deflection Significance of bottomhole assemblies basic requirement for drilling a directional well is that there is some means of changing the course of the hole. Generally, a driller either uses a specially designed deflection tool or modifies the bottomhole assembly used to drill ahead. AA deflection tool is a drill string device that causes the bit to drill at an angle to the existing hole. There are many different types of deflection tools, ranging from the primitive but rugged whipstock to the state-ofthe-art rotary steerable. The directional supervisor’s choice depends on: Deflection Tools •••••• Degree of deflection needed Formation hardness Hole depth Temperature Presence or absence of casing Economics 49 INTRODUCTION Special Applications ▼▼▼In this chapter: •••• Extended reach and multilateral wells Horizontal drilling Geosteering with LWD sensors Complex well trajectories and designer wells he Wytch Farm project was the primary stimulus for developing Tdrilling procedures for highly deviated wells. Wytch Farm, the largestonshoreoilfieldinwesternEurope, wasdiscoveredin1973and began producing oil in 1979. At the time, environmental regulations pushed one major operator to drill highly deviated wells from shore to reach offshore targets. As a result, new drilling procedures and deeper comprehension of torque, drag, and stresses actuating in the drill string were developed to make such drilling technically feasible. The drilling industry developed the concept of extended reach wells (ERW) to accommodate special drilling needs. Such wells required extended reach drilling (ERD) to drill a wellbore in which the final measured depth would be greater than twice the vertical depth (fig. 58). ERD normally pushes the drill string to its limits; applying advanced torque-and-drag calculations and real-time monitoring is mandatory. Drilling fluid characteristics such as lubricity and yield point are closely controlled to ensure the cuttings carried to the surface avoid high torque and drag that can lead to pipe sticking. Extended Reach Drilling 71 INTRODUCTION Special Problems ▼▼▼In this chapter: •••• The impact of trajectory changes Dogleg severity factors When the formation deflects the bit Hydraulics, friction, and penetration rates irectional wells are normally more difficult to drill than straight Dholes. Nearly everything done in routine drilling becomes more complicated when the well has to be drilled at an angle. Examples of special problems that occur in directional drilling: <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">•</li><li style="flex:1">More hoisting capacity is often needed to raise and lower </li></ul>the drill string. •••• Greater rotary torque is needed to overcome friction. Mud and hydraulic system requirements are more critical. Stuck pipe and equipment failures are more common. Casing is harder to run and cement.

Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin ROTARY DRILLING SERIES

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