Rebuilding Identities: The difficulties and opportunities of rehabilitation through the reconstruction of cultural heritage in post-war Yugoslavia Krijn H.J. Boom Image at cover: The rebuild Mostar Bridge (Source: http://hdwpapers.com/walls/the_old_bridge_in_mostar_bosnia_and_herzegovina_wallpaper-wide.jpg). Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology Name: Krijn H.J. Boom Adress: Stadionlaan 27 | 3583 RA Utrecht Tel.nr: 0653584589 E-mail: [email protected] Studentnr: 0947393 Course: MA thesis Mentor: M.H. van den Dries Version 2.3 June 2013 MA thesis Rebuilding Identities: the difficulties and opportunities of rehabilitation through the reconstruction of cultural heritage in post- war Yugoslavia 3 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7 2. HERITAGE, VALUES & THE USE OF ETHICS ............................................................... 11 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 HERITAGE DEFINED ........................................................................................................... 11 2.3 THE VALUE-BASED APPROACH IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ............................. 12 2.3.1 Values and Stakeholders .................................................................................... 13 2.4 OWNERSHIP & ETHICS ...................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Ownership and Conservation ............................................................................. 14 2.4.2 Ethics .................................................................................................................. 15 2.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 17 3. TARGETING CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE ROLE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGERS IN CONFLICT ............................................................................................ 18 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 MEMORY AND IDENTITY .................................................................................................... 18 3.3 TARGETING CULTURAL HERITAGE ......................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Military necessity ............................................................................................... 21 3.3.2 Deliberate destruction ........................................................................................ 22 3.4 THE ROLE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGERS IN CONFLICT ............................................ 23 4. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND LEGISLATION ................................................. 28 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 28 4.2 UNESCO ....................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 28 4.2.2 UNESCO and cultural heritage ........................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Convention for the protection of Cultural Property in the event of Armed Conflict .................................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage 33 4.3 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES (ICOMOS) .......................................... 35 4.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 35 4.3.2 The 1964 Venice Charter .................................................................................... 36 4.3.3 The 1999 (revised) Burra Charter ....................................................................... 36 4.4 COUNCIL OF EUROPE ........................................................................................................ 38 4 4.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 38 4.4.2 Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society ............... 39 5. CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE YUGOSLAV WARS ....................................................... 41 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 41 5.2 THE YUGOSLAV WARS ...................................................................................................... 41 5.3 CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE YUGOSLAV WARS........................................................................ 44 5.4 HERITAGE & DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE YUGOSLAV WARS ....................................................... 47 5.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 47 5.4.2 The Ljubljana process ......................................................................................... 48 5.4.3 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ................................ 51 6. REBUILDING IDENTITIES IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA................................................. 53 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 53 6.1.1 Bosnia-Herzegovina, a short, recent history ...................................................... 54 6.1.2 Cultural Heritage Management in Bosnia-Herzegovina .................................... 56 6.2 THE CASE OF STARI MOST, MOSTAR .................................................................................... 59 6.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 59 6.2.2. Rebuilding the Stari Most .................................................................................. 61 6.2.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 64 6.3 THE CASE OF ALADZA MOSQUE, FOČA ................................................................................. 65 6.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 65 6.3.2 Rebuilding the Aladza Mosque ........................................................................... 67 6.3.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 69 6.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 70 7. REBUILDING IDENTITIES IN CROATIA ....................................................................... 73 7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 73 7.1.1 Croatia, a short, recent history ........................................................................... 73 7.1.2 Cultural Heritage Management in Croatia ......................................................... 75 7.2. THE CASE OF DUBROVNIK ................................................................................................. 78 7.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 78 7.2.2 Rebuilding Dubrovnik ......................................................................................... 80 7.2.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 83 7.3 THE CASE OF THE ROMAN CITY OF SISCIA .............................................................................. 83 7.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 84 5 7.3.2 Rebuilding Siscia ................................................................................................. 86 7.3.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 89 7.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 90 8. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 92 8.1 SHARED NARRATIVE OR RECOGNITION OF DIVERGENT WAR MEMORIES? ...................................... 92 8.2 INTERNATIONAL POLICY VERSUS NATIONAL REALITY ................................................................. 93 8.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE ...................................................................................... 94 9. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 97 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 100 FIGURES AND TABLES ...............................................................................................