Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 1 Peacebuilding & conflict transformation A resource book Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 2 Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 3 Peacebuilding &conflict transformation A resource book by Katharina Schilling with drawings by Julius Nzang Youth Department of the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon Series editors: Christiane Kayser and Flaubert Djateng/CPS and BfdW Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 4 Financed by BMZ (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, Germany) through BfdW (Bread for the world – Church Development Service, an association of the protestant churches of Germany) / ZFD (Ziviler Friedensdienst – Civil Peace Service), Germany All rights reserved in all countries Copyright © 2012 by CPS/BfdW Bafoussam, Berlin Language consultant: Linda Herbertson Production and design: Eberhard Delius, Berlin Typesetting: Reihs Satzstudio, Lohmar Printing: Freiburger Graphische Betriebe, Freiburg Printed in Germany Contact: Katharina Schilling: [email protected] Flaubert Djateng: [email protected]; www.peaceworkafrica.net Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 5 Table of contents Editors’ Foreword by Christiane Kayser and Flaubert Djateng . 9 Foreword by Reverend Francis Ituka Mekumba . 11 Foreword by Shecku Kawusu Mansaray . 12 Introduction by Denis Kumbo . 14 I. PEACE 1. PEACE – What does peace mean? . 18 1.1 Origins of the term peace . 18 1.2 Conceptions, definitions, thoughts and models of peace . 19 1.3 Where does peace begin? . 21 1.4 Creating a culture of peace . 23 1.5 Strategies for peace . 25 2. Peacebuilding . 28 2.1 What is peacebuilding? . 29 2.2 Principles for peacebuilding . 31 2.3 Peacebuilding dimensions . 33 2.4 Peacebuilding agents . 35 3. Peace education . 36 3.1 What is peace education? . 37 3.2 The principles of peace education work . 38 3.3 The core elements of peace education . 39 3.4 Peace education challenges . 42 4. Peace & conflict studies . 43 4.1 Historical background . 43 4.2 Peace and conflict studies today . 44 II. COMMUNICATION 1. Communication – the basic tool for conflict transformation . 48 2. Facts about communication . 49 2.1 It is impossible to NOT communicate . 49 2.2 All communication has aspects of content and relationship . 49 2.3 Communication can be digital or analog . 50 2.4 Communication is symmetric or complementary . 50 2.5 Implicit and explicit messages . 51 5 Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 6 2.6 Congruent and incongruent messages . 51 2.7 Our own fantasy . 53 3. Types of communication . 54 3.1 Verbal communication . 55 3.2 Non-verbal communication . 55 4. Means of communication . 58 5. Steps in communication . 59 6. Levels of communication . 60 7. Receiving and sending . 63 7.1 The cycle of communication . 63 7.2 The four sides of a message . 64 8. Factors influencing the quality of communication . 71 8.1 Obstacles to non-verbal communication . 72 8.2 Obstacles to verbal communication . 72 9. Effective communication . 74 10. Active listening . 75 10.1 Skills for listening and questioning . 76 10.2 Questioning techniques . 82 10.3 Don’ts of listening . 84 11. Creating dialogue . 86 12. Communication and conflict . 86 13. De-escalation . 88 III. CONFLICT 1. Conflict – a fact of life . 94 2. Social conflict . 96 2.1 What is typical about a conflict? . 96 2.2 Defining social conflict . 97 2.3 Typical conflict behaviours . 100 3. Levels of conflicts . 101 4. Sources of conflict . 102 4.1 Conditions and issues influencing conflict . 103 4.2 Power . 109 4.3 Human needs – a root cause of conflict . 111 4.4 Feelings . 115 5. Types of conflict . 116 6. Positive functions of conflict . 118 IV. TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS 1. Context analysis . 122 2. Conflict analysis . 124 6 Resource_Endfassung 04.01.13 17:12 Seite 7 2.1 Aspects of conflicts . 125 3. Different tools for conflict analysis . 127 3.1 Conflict mapping . 127 3.2 Onion . 130 3.3 Pillars – inverted triangle . 131 3.4 ABC – triangle . 133 3.5 Conflict tree . 134 3.6 Timeline . 136 3.7 Pyramid – three level triangle . 137 3.8 Checklist “understanding conflict” . 138 V..