150 9-12_SNLAESE491141_0205UO.indd 150 7/19/10 12:27:47 PM On July 14, 1789, an angry French mob attacked the Bastille, a state prison in Paris, because it was looking for arms and gunpowder. The capture of this prison is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Political Revolutions In Unit 2, you will learn that new ideas about human rights and government led to political revolutions in many countries during the late 1700s and the 1800s. At the end of the unit, you will have a chance to compare and contrast those revolutions. (See pages 272–277.) 151 9-12_SNLAESE491141_0205UO.indd 151 7/24/10 11:04:37 AM CHAPTER Absolute Monarchs in 5 Europe, 1500–1800 Essential Question Previewing Themes What were the causes and effects of absolute monarchies in Europe from POWER AND AUTHORITY As feudalism declined, stronger national 1500 until 1800? kingdoms in Spain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia emerged under the control of absolute rulers. What You Will Learn Geography Study the map. What large empire was surrounded by many of these national kingdoms? In this chapter you will learn about absolute monarchs in Europe. ECONOMICS Absolute rulers wanted to control their countries’ SECTION 1 Spain's Empire and economies so that they could free themselves from limitations European Absolutism imposed by the nobility. In France, Louis XIV’s unrestrained spending During a time of religious and left his country with huge debts. economic instability, Philip II ruled Spain with a strong hand. Geography What other evidence of unrestrained spending by an absolute ruler does the time line suggest? SECTION 2 The Reign of Louis XIV After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the REVOLUTION In Great Britain, Parliament and the British people most powerful monarch of his time. challenged the monarch’s authority. The overthrow of the king led to SECTION 3 Central European important political changes. Monarchs Clash Geography Study the map and the time line. Which British Stuart After a period of turmoil, lands were most affected by the event occurring in 1649? absolute monarchs ruled Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia. SECTION 4 Absolute Rulers of Russia Peter the Great made many changes in Russia to try to make it more like western Europe. SECTION 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Absolute rulers in England were overthrown, and Parliament gained power. 152 9-12_SNLAESE491141_0205CO.indd 152 7/19/10 4:13:56 PM Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500–1800 Ivan the Terrible: Might and Madness 153 9-12_SNLAESE491141_0205CO.indd 153 7/16/10 3:08:55 PM What are the benefits and drawbacks of having an absolute ruler? You live under the most powerful monarch in 17th-century Europe, Louis XIV of France, shown below. As Louis’s subject, you feel proud and well protected because the French army is the strongest in Europe. But Louis’s desire to gain lands for France and battle enemies has resulted in costly wars. And he expects you and his other subjects to pay for them. 1 Louis XIV uses his clothing to demonstrate his power and status, 2 as his portrait shows. The gold 3 flower on his robe is the symbol of French kings. 4 51 1 62 Louis’s love of finery is apparent not 2 3 only in his clothing but also in the 7 ornate setting for this painting. As 3 absolute ruler, Louis imposes taxes 84 to pay for the construction of a 4 5 1 9 magnificent new palace and to 5 61 finance wars. 2 6 72 3 7 83 The government of Louis XIV 4 enforces laws and provides security. 8 94 1 5 His sword, scepter, and crown 9 5 symbolize the power he wields. Yet 2 6 the French people have no say in 6 what laws are passed or how they 3 7 7 are enforced. 4 8 8 5 9 9 6 7 8 EXAMINING the ISSUES 9 • What might people gain from having a ruler whose power is total, or absolute? • What factors might weaken the power of an absolute monarch? As a class, discuss these questions. You may want to refer to earlier rulers, such as those of the Roman, Ottoman, and Carolingian empires. As you read about absolute monarchs in Europe, notice what strengthened and weakened their power. 154 Chapter 5 9-12_SNLAESE491141_0205IH.indd 154 7/16/10 3:10:56 PM 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS During a time When faced with crises, many • Philip II • divine right of religious and economic heads of government take on • absolute instability, Philip II ruled Spain additional economic or political monarch with a strong hand. powers. SETTING THE STAGE As you learned in Chapter 2, from 1520 to 1566, Suleyman I exercised great power as sultan of the Ottoman Empire. A European monarch of the same period, Charles V, came close to matching Suleyman’s power. As the Hapsburg king, Charles inherited Spain, Spain’s American colo- nies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands. As the elected Holy Roman emperor, he ruled much of Germany. It was the first time since Charlemagne that a European ruler controlled so much territory. A Powerful Spanish Empire A devout Catholic, Charles not only fought Muslims but also opposed Lutherans. In 1555, he unwillingly agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed German TAKING NOTES princes to choose the religion for their territory. The following year, Charles V Use the graphic organizer divided his immense empire and retired to a monastery. To his brother Ferdinand, online to take notes on the conditions that he left Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. His son, Philip II, inherited Spain, allowed European the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. monarchs to gain power. Philip II’s Empire Philip was shy, serious, and—like his father—deeply reli- gious. He was also very hard working. Yet Philip would not allow anyone to help him. Deeply suspicious, he trusted no one for long. As his own court historian wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very close.” Perhaps above all, Philip could be aggressive for the sake of his empire. In 1580, the king of Portugal died without an heir. Because Philip was the king’s nephew, he seized the Portuguese kingdom. Counting Portuguese strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies, he now had an empire that circled the globe. Philip’s empire provided him with incredible wealth. By 1600, American mines had supplied Spain with an estimated 339,000 pounds of gold. Between 1550 and 1650, roughly 16,000 tons of silver bullion were unloaded from Spanish galleons, or ships. The king of Spain claimed between a fourth and a fifth of every shipload of treasure as his royal share. With this wealth, Spain was able to support a large standing army of about 50,000 soldiers. Defender of Catholicism When Philip assumed the throne, Europe was experi- encing religious wars caused by the Reformation. However, religious conflict was not new to Spain. The Reconquista, the campaign to drive Muslims from Spain, had been completed only 64 years before. In addition, Philip’s great-grandparents Absolute Monarchs in Europe 155 9-12_SNLAESE491141_020501.indd 155 7/24/10 11:07:50 AM Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 58°N W ° 16°W 8 0° Route of the Armada Route of the English fleet Some shipwreck sites Spanish Hapsburg lands SCOTLAND 50°N IRELAND North ATLANTIC Sea OCEAN ENGLAND In the summer of 1588, Philip II sent about 130 ships carrying 19,000 soldiers to the London Plymouth English Channel. English warships, however, Dover outmaneuvered the Spanish vessels and SPANISH bombarded the Armada with their heavier 0 200 Miles Calais long-range cannons. NETHERLANDS 0 400 Kilometers English Channel INTERACTIVE HISTORY Bay of Follow the events that led 42°N Biscay FRANCE La Coruña to the wreck of the Spanish Armada. Santander Late September, 1588 PORTUGAL Lisbon Late May, 1588 SPAIN ENGLAND 52°N 0 50 Miles London 0 100 Kilometers Dover Aug. 8 Major battles Calais Gravelines S P. GEOGRAPHYMediterranean SKILLBUILDER: Sea Plymouth Isle of Wight Portland Bill NETH. Interpreting Maps 1. Location Off what English town did the first Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 2 e l clash between the Spanish Armada and the a n n English fleet take place? July 31 C h 50°N g l i s h 2. Movement Why do you think the Spanish E n FRANCE captains chose to sail north around Scotland W W E rather than take the more direct route home ° ° ° 4 ° 2 0 2 back through the English Channel? 156 9-12_SNLAESE491141_020501.indd 156 7/16/10 4:28:25 PM Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 Isabella and Ferdinand had used the Inquisition to investigate suspected heretics, or nonbelievers in Christianity. 58°N W ° Philip believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the 16°W 8 Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe. In 1571, the pope called on all 0° Route of the Armada Catholic princes to take up arms against the mounting power of the Ottoman Empire. Route of the English fleet Philip responded like a true crusader. More than 200 Spanish and Venetian ships Some shipwreck sites defeated a large Ottoman fleet in a fierce battle near Lepanto. In 1588, Philip Spanish Hapsburg lands SCOTLAND launched the Spanish Armada in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects who had rebelled 50°N Making against Philip.