Perl6 An Introduction Perl6 Raku An Introduction The nuts and bolts ● Spec tests ○ Complete test suite for the language. ○ Anything that passes the suite is Raku. The nuts and bolts ● Spec tests ○ Complete test suite for the language. ○ Anything that passes the suite is Raku. ● Rakudo ○ Compiler, compiles Raku to be run on a number of target VM’s (92% written in Raku) The nuts and bolts ● Spec tests ○ Complete test suite for the language. ○ Anything that passes the suite is Raku. ● Rakudo ○ Compiler, compiles Raku to be run on a number of target VM’s (92% written in Raku) ● MoarVM ○ Short for "Metamodel On A Runtime" ○ Threaded, garbage collected VM optimised for Raku The nuts and bolts ● Spec tests ○ Complete test suite for the language. ○ Anything that passes the suite is Raku. ● Rakudo ○ Compiler, compiles Raku to be run on a number of target VM’s (92% written in Raku) ● MoarVM ○ Short for "Metamodel On A Runtime" ○ Threaded, garbage collected VM optimised for Raku ● JVM ○ The Java Virtual machine. The nuts and bolts ● Spec tests ○ Complete test suite for the language. ○ Anything that passes the suite is Raku. ● Rakudo ○ Compiler, compiles Raku to be run on a number of target VM’s (92% written in Raku) ● MoarVM ○ Short for "Metamodel On A Runtime" ○ Threaded, garbage collected VM optimised for Raku ● JVM ○ The Java Virtual machine. ● Rakudo JS (Experimental) ○ Compiles your Raku to a Javascript file that can run in a browser Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? ● Functional Programming ? Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? ● Functional Programming ? ● Object Oriented ? Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? ● Functional Programming ? ● Object Oriented ? ● Procedural ? Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? ● Functional Programming ? ● Object Oriented ? ● Procedural ? ● Event Based ? Multiple Programming Paradigms What’s your poison? ● Functional Programming ? ● Object Oriented ? ● Procedural ? ● Event Based ? Raku builds in the concept of the swiss army chainsaw and gives you a toolbox from which you can build whatever chainsaw you want. What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: 1 What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: 1 0.1 + 0.2 - 0.3 == 0 What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: 1 0.1 + 0.2 - 0.3 == 0 1 < 3 > 2 What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: 1 0.1 + 0.2 - 0.3 == 0 1 < 3 > 2 ४५ == == 45 == ٤٥ What is truth? In Raku all of these statements are True: 1 0.1 + 0.2 - 0.3 == 0 1 < 3 > 2 ४५ == == 45 == ٤٥ 0 but True Objects, Types and SubSets ● By default Objects are Immutable ○ Useful for both Functional Paradigms and Thread safety ● Both Inheritance and Composition are available and can be mixed ● Roles used for Composition also can be used as Interfaces ● Subsets allow for simple runtime sub type checking subset SmallInt of Int where * < 50; sub foo( SmallInt $num ) { say “*” x $num } Multi Dispatch and Signatures #| Given a user object and a list of preference #| Return the list of preferences that user has. sub get-user-preferences( $user, @preferences ) { die “No User supplied” unless $user:defined; die “No preferences supplied” unless @preferences; This is a pretty standard function. # If the user has no prefs just return an empty list But Raku adds some tools to make # Note calling pref-hash has some overhead... it easier to handle. if ( ! $user.user-has-prefs ) { return (); } return @preferences.grep( { $user.has-pref($_) } ); } Multi Dispatch and Signatures multi sub get-user-preferences( Any:U $, @ ) { die “No User supplied”; } multi sub get-user-preferences( User $user, @prefs where ! * ) { Using multi dispatch we can die “No preferences supplied”; remove our boilerplate tests } from the start. multi sub get-user-preferences( User $user, @preferences ) { We also can add some type # If the user has no prefs just return an empty list checking as well. # Note calling pref-hash has some overhead... if ( ! $user.user-has-prefs ) { return (); } return @preferences.grep( { $user.has-pref($_) } ); } Multi Dispatch and Signatures multi sub get-user-preferences( User:D $user, @prefs where ! * ) { die “No preferences supplied”; } In fact if we specify we want multi sub get-user-preferences( User:D $user, @preferences ) { a defined user then we can # If the user has no prefs just return an empty list remove one data check. # Note calling pref-hash has some overhead... if ( ! $user.user-has-prefs ) { return (); } The system will raise an Exception as it can’t find a return @preferences.grep( { $user.has-pref($_) } ); matching sub to use. } Multi Dispatch and Signatures … multi sub get-user-preferences( User:D $user where ! *.user-has-prefs, @ ) { return (); } multi sub get-user-preferences( User:D $user, @preferences ) { We can also take our special return @preferences.grep( { $user.has-pref($_) } ); case out into its own multi } sub. Multi Dispatch and Signatures subset UserNoPrefs of User where ! *.user-has-prefs; … multi sub get-user-preferences( UserNoPrefs $, @ ) { return (); } Finally we can define a subset multi sub get-user-preferences( User $user, @preferences ) { of our User class to make the return @preferences.grep( { $user.has-pref($_) } ); code easier to read. } Junctions my @array = ( False, False, False ); my ( $all, $none, $any ) = ( all(@array), none(@array), any(@array) ); Junctions my @array = ( False, False, False ); my ( $all, $none, $any ) = ( all(@array), none(@array), any(@array) ); say "All : {$all.so} None: {$none.so} Any: {$any.so}"; All: False None: True Any: False Junctions my @array = ( False, False, False ); my ( $all, $none, $any ) = ( all(@array), none(@array), any(@array) ); say "All : {$all.so} None: {$none.so} Any: {$any.so}"; All: False None: True Any: False @array[0] = True; say "All : {$all.so} None: {$none.so} Any: {$any.so}"; All: False None: False Any: True Junctions my @array = ( False, False, False ); my ( $all, $none, $any ) = ( all(@array), none(@array), any(@array) ); say "All : {$all.so} None: {$none.so} Any: {$any.so}"; All: False None: True Any: False # one(1,2,3,4,5) @array[0] = True; 4 < 1^2^3^4^5 < 2 == True; say "All : {$all.so} None: {$none.so} Any: {$any.so}"; # any(1,2,3,4,5) 4 < 1|2|3|4|5 < 2 == True; All: False None: False Any: True # all(1,2,3,4,5) 4 < 1&2&3&4&5 < 2 == False; Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; my $p2 = Promise.in(2).then( { print “Why not use a timer? ” } ); Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; my $p2 = Promise.in(2).then( { print “Why not use a timer? ” } ); my $p3 = Promise.anyof( $p1, $p2 ).then( { print “Something is done. ” } ); Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; my $p2 = Promise.in(2).then( { print “Why not use a timer? ” } ); my $p3 = Promise.anyof( $p1, $p2 ).then( { print “Something is done. ” } ); my $p4 = Promise.allof( $p1, $p2, $p3 ).then( { print “All the promises done.” } ); Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; my $p2 = Promise.in(2).then( { print “Why not use a timer? ” } ); my $p3 = Promise.anyof( $p1, $p2 ).then( { print “Something is done. ” } ); my $p4 = Promise.allof( $p1, $p2, $p3 ).then( { print “All the promises done.” } ); print “Promises Begun… ”; await( $p1, $p2, $p3, $p4 ); say “All done.”; Promises “Parallel programming for mortals” or “Basically just like Node” my $p1 = start { sleep 3; print “Or a simple start? ”; }; my $p2 = Promise.in(2).then( { print “Why not use a timer? ” } ); my $p3 = Promise.anyof( $p1, $p2 ).then( { print “Something is done. ” } ); my $p4 = Promise.allof( $p1, $p2, $p3 ).then( { print “All the promises done.” } ); print “Promises Begun… ”; await( $p1, $p2, $p3, $p4 ); say “All done.”; Promises Begun… Why not use a timer? Something is done. Or a simple start? All the promises done. All done. With some pauses… Channels and Supplies Channels and Supplies ● Channels allow for FIFO messaging between threads Channels and Supplies ● Channels allow for FIFO messaging between threads ○ Channels can also be treated as lists with data filtering and manipulation being done on the fly ○ Easily fits into a message based data processing paradigm Channels and Supplies ● Channels allow for FIFO messaging between threads ○ Channels can also be treated as lists with data filtering and manipulation being done on the fly ○ Easily fits into a message based data processing paradigm ● Supplies give event driven responsive messaging Channels and Supplies ● Channels allow for FIFO messaging between threads ○ Channels can also be treated as lists with data filtering and manipulation being done on the fly ○ Easily fits into a message based data processing paradigm ● Supplies give event driven responsive messaging ○ react / whenever blocks allow for simple handling of events ○ Cro microservice framework built on the concept of chains of supplies from request through layers of middleware and data processing to response