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Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4766.html i Wetlands CHARACTERISTICS AND BOUNDARIES riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, Committee on Characterization of Wetlands Water Science and Technology Board Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1995 About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4766.html ii NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci- ences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Support for this project was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Agreement No. CX-821125-01-0 and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Con- servation Service under Agreement No. SCD-68-3475-3-161. riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. The Director, Grants Administration Division, has approved a deviation from 40 CFR 30.518 of EPA's Assistance Regulations. This approval permits a waiver of EPA's peer review process and fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, submission of the draft final report. The recipient agrees that the following disclaimer will be added to all documents published under this project. "Although the results described in this document have been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Assistance Agreement X821125010 to the National Academy of Sciences, it has not been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and therefore may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred." Cover art by Raphael Lopez, San Diego, California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wetlands: characteristics and boundaries. p. cm William M. Lewis, Jr., chair. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-05134-7 (cloth) 1. Wetlands. 2. Wetland ecology. 3. Wetland conservation— Government policy— United States. I. Lewis, William M., 1945-. II. National Research Council (U.S.). Com- mittee on Characterization of Wetlands. QH87.3W475 1995 333.91'8'0973—dc 20 95-440 Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4766.html iii COMMITTEE ON CHARACTERIZATION OF WETLANDS WILLIAM M. LEWIS, JR., Chair,University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado BARBARA BEDFORD,Cornell University, Ithaca, New York FRED BOSSELMAN, IITChicago Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois MARK BRINSON,East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina PAUL GARRETT,Federal Highway Administration, Washington, District of Columbia riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. CONSTANCE HUNT,The World Wildlife Fund, Washington, District of Columbia fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, CAROL JOHNSTON,University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota DOUGLAS KANE,University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska A. MICHAEL MACRANDER,Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas JAMES MCCULLEY,Environmental Consultants, Inc., Christiana, Delaware WILLIAM J. MITSCH,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio WILLIAM PATRICK, JR.,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana ROGER POST,Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, Alaska DON SIEGEL,Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York R. WAYNE SKAGGS,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina MARGARET STRAND,Bayh, Connaughton & Malone, P.C., Washington, District of Columbia JOY B. ZEDLER,San Diego State University, San Diego, California BEST Liaison EDWIN H. CLARK, II,Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia WSTB Liaison DAVID L. FREYBERG,Stanford University, Stanford, California Federal Liaisons GREGORY E. PECK,Environmental Protection Agency MICHAEL A. FRITZ,Environmental Protection Agency MICHAEL L. DAVIS,Department of the Army Corps of Engineers KAREN KOCHENBACH,Department of the Army Corps of Engineers BILLY TEELS,Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service MARGE KOLAR,Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service MIKE LONG,Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service JOHN R. HALL,Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4766.html iv Staff SHEILA D. DAVID, Study Director,WSTB DAVID POLICANSKY, Study Director,BEST TANIA L. WILLIAMS, Research Associate,BEST GREGORY K. NYCE, Senior Project Assistant,WSTB riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, About PDFthis file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created the from o typesetting files. Page breaks are true the line lengths, word breaks, to original; heading styles, and other typesetting-speci and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the author Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4766.html v WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD DAVID L. FREYBERG, Chair,Stanford University, Stanford, California BRUCE E. RITTMANN, Vice Chair,Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois LINDA M. ABRIOLA,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan J. DAN ALLEN,Chevron USA, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana PATRICK BREZONIK,Water Resources Research Center, St. Paul, Minnesota WILLIAM M. EICHBAUM,The World Wildlife Fund, Washington, District of riginal paper book, not the from original itative version for attribution. Columbia WILFORD R. GARDNER,University of California, Berkeley, California fic formatting,fic however, cannot be retained, WILLIAM GRAF,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona THOMAS M. HELLMAN,Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, New York CHARLES C. JOHNSON, Jr.,U.S. Public