The Philippine Presidents Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Science Cavite States University Indang, Cavite Ma.Nikkie D. Evalla October 2014 BSIT2-6 First President of the Philippines Era: President of the First Republic Constitutio 1899 Malolos Constitution n: Preceded position established by: Succeeded position abolished by: Inauguratio January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church, n: Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29) Capital: Malolos, Bulacan Vice Emilio Aguinaldo None President: January 23, 1899 – March 23, Revolutionary Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7, Prime leader 1899); Pedro Paterno (May 7- Emilio Minister: November 13, 1899) Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines. On January 1, 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo also known as Kapitan Miong married Hilaria del Rosario from Imus. They had five (5) children namely; Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria and Cristina. In 1898, he achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence. Aguinaldo died of a heart attack on February 6, 1964 in Quezon City, Philippines. I. Politics (Administration) General Emilio F. Aguinaldo established Dictatorship when he returned in Cavite after being exiled from Hong Kong, a month later Apolinario Mabini persuaded him to change his government into Revolutionary Government. It was also in his term when Malolos Republic having its own Congress, Constitution, and National and Local Administration was functioning as a government. It adopted the Spanish fiscal system; the same was done in the existing taxes. The main problem in his administration is that he was young and inexperienced and that there were no other president’s experiences before him to follow. II. Economics The economy is at its lowest state during the Fil-am war. Famine hits Filipino people. Even before the said war, the country is already experiencing a great mishap in economy because of Spaniards. Resources that belongs to the Philippines are continuously being taken, many landless Filipinos specially farmers and others willing to be treated as slaves just to earn for living. III. Programs (Reforms) War taxes and voluntary contributions were solicited from the people. A national loan was launched. President Aguinaldo ordered schools open. Elementary education was made compulsory and free. The Director of Public instruction appointed Enrique Mendiola, a Filipino instructor who founded "Instituto de Burgos". The school offer courses in agriculture, surveying, and commerce, as well as a complete A.B course. On October 1898 a government decree fixed the opening date of the "Universidad Literia". Courses offered were Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, and Notary Public. The President of the Philippines appointed the professors thereof. They, in turn, choose the University Highest Official. The first to occupy this position was Joaquin Gonzales. Later, he was succeeded by Dr. Leo Ma. Guerrero. IV. National Issues National issues within Aguinaldo’s presidency revolve in the Filipino-American war. Filipino army is not considered a real army because they lack qualities and proper training. On the first phase of the war, the Filipino outnumbered the Americans but our arms don’t have enough ammunition, funds and military supplies which resulted in defeat. Famine and illness due to war is also spreading in the country. V. Transnational Issues Citizens look unto the Americans as their hero from the Spanish people, but in reality the country did not gain a hero in Americans but a new conqueror. Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation reveals the hidden agenda of the Americans in helping the Philippines against the Spain. They wanted to drive away the Spaniards so they could replace them. Without the country knowing, under the Treaty of Paris Philippines is sold for $20 Million to the Americans by the Spain. This means that the control of the country is now in the hands of the Americans. Second President of the Philippines Era First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Constitutio 1935 Constitution n Amended 1935 Constitution Successor Sergio Osmeña Inaugurati November 15, 1935, Legislative Building, on Manila (aged 57) December 30, 1941, Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor (aged 63) November 15, 1943, Washington, D.C. (aged 65) Capital Manila, Philippines (1935-1942) Manuel Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C., Quezon was U.S.A. (1942-1944) Vice- Sergio Osmeña (November 15, 1935- governor of Tayabas President December 30, 1941; December 30, provinceManuel L. Quezon First term: November 15, 1935- 1941-August 1, 1944) before beingDecember elected 30, 1941 Ramon Avanceña (April 1, 1925- Second term: December 30, 1941- a representative Chief December 24, 1941) August 1, 1944 in 1907 Justice Jose Abad Santos (December 24, 1941- to the newly May 2, 1942) established Speaker of Gil Montilla (November 25, 1935- the December 30, 1938) Philippine National Jose Yulo (January 24, 1939-December Assembly. In 1909 Assembly 30, 1941) Quezon was appointed resident commissioner for the Philippines, entitled to speak, but not vote, in the U.S. House of Representatives; during his years in Washington, he fought for a speedy grant of independence by the U.S., which happened in 1935. I. Politics (Administration) Manuel Quezons’ Commonwealth administration is a presidential system of government with unicameral legislature. Filipinos reelected Quezon, Osmeña, and legislators to fill seats in the newly created bicameral congress on November 11, 1941. During his term, from the seven departments existing before his administration he added two more; the National Defense and Public Welfare. II. Economics Manuel L. Quezon made several institutions and programs to attend to the needs of the economy on his term. Healthy economy is hard to establish back then because we became independent on U.S. His effort to fix the economy was see on the Commonwealth Act No. 2 which established the National Economic Council, this act helps solve social imbalance, land maldistribution, provide land to the landless and farmers, provide housing and create an employment to the unemployed. III. Programs (Reforms) Commonwealth Act No. 1, President Manuel L. Quezon asks for General McArthur service to devise an effective yet affordable National Defense Plan for the Philippines. This defense plan was later abolished because 16 Million is not sufficient enough to fund the act. A compulsory military training for men age 20 in a period of 5 ½ months and pre-military training in high school was enforced. Quezon also push the standardization of ROTC (Reserve Officers’ Training Corps) programs in colleges and universities. In response to social imbalance and land maldistribution; National Economic Council as an adviser and Social Justice Program that bought lands and distribute it to farmers and landless Filipinos. Law also requires a written agreement between farmers, tenants and landlords to protect citizens from an unfair rent increase. Court of Industrial Relations was established for the creation of Agricultural and Industrial Bank, National Land Settlement Administration and National Housing Commission to provide housing, National Relief Administration for calamities and for finding employment to the unemployed. Institute of National Language was established for studying the issue of choosing the country’s mother tongue; National Council of Education to guide the education policies, adult education program, for vocational schools, also in charge of the Education Act of 1940. He also makes Pilipino the national language. IV. National Issues Regaining independence is tough battle Filipino face and with Quezon it became possible. He fought for Philippines to be self-governed, prepared us to be independent from America and later on lead our country to its full independent government. He tried to solve problems inherited from Spanish and Americans Administrations, fought graft and corruption in the country, build up the national defense and strengthen economy that is dependent on the U.S. Filipino pays attention on choosing the mother tongue and because of this the Institute of Nat’l Language was created, he was known as “Ama ng Wikang Pambansa”. V. Transnational Issues Upon the Commonwealth Act No.1 America seems threaten because they held back weapons and showed lack of support for the defense plan. Still, Quezon aims for amity and friendship, fairness and square deals in the country’s relations with other nations, their citizens and subjects. Era Third President of the Philippines President of the Second Republic Constitutio 1943 Constitution n Predecesso Position established r Successor Position abolished Inauguratio October 14, 1943, Legislative n Building, Manila (aged 51) Capital Manila Vice None President Chief Jose Yulo (February 5, 1942-August Justice 1945) Speaker of Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (October 17, the 1943-February 2, 1944) National Assembly Jose P. Laurel October 14, 1943-August 17, 1945 Jose P. Laurel born on March 9, 1891 in the small town of Tanuan in Batangas, his parents were Sotero Laurel, Sr. and Jacoba García. He studied and received his law degree at the University of the Philippines in 1915 and at Yale University in 1920. In 1957, he retired from the political arena and led a normal life with his former wife, Paciencia Hidalgo concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of the Philippines established by his family. Jose Laurel died on