Canadian Soft Power: Dimensions of Canada´s Influence on the Outside World / Pouvoir de contraindre et pouvoir de convaincre canadiens : de l´influence du Canada à travers le monde TransCanadiana Polish Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue Polonaise d’Études Canadiennes Canadian Soft Power: Dimensions of Canada´s Influence on the Outside World / Pouvoir de contraindre et pouvoir de convaincre canadiens : de l´influence du Canada à travers le monde 7. 2014-2015 Poznań 2015 Rada Wydawnicza / Advisory Board / Comité de Rédaction Maciej Abramowicz (Université Marie Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin) Klaus-Dieter Ertler (Université de Graz) Yannick Gasquy-Resch (Université Aix-Marseille) Jan Grabowski (University of Ottawa) Sherrill Grace (University of British Columbia) Thomson Highway (Writer, Distinguished Visiting Professor at Brandon University) Serge Jaumain (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Smaro Kambourelli (University of Guelph) Józef Kwaterko (Université de Varsovie) Peter Kyloušek (Université Masaryk, Brno) Larissa Lai (University of British Columbia) Norman Ravvin (Concordia University; Concordia Institute for Canadian Jewish Studies, Montreal) Anna Reczyńska (Jagiellonian University, Kraków) Radosław Rybkowski (Jagiellonian University, Kraków) Eugenia Sojka (University of Silesia) Teresa Tomaszkiewicz (Université Adam Mickiewicz, Poznań) Recenzenci naukowi / Reviewers / Rapporteurs Luc Ampleman (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), Mateusz Bogdanowicz (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn), Anna Branach-Kallas (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń), Susan Hodget (University of Ulster), Krzysztof Jarosz (University of Silesia), Wojciech Kajtoch (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), Wojciech Michnik (Jesuit University Ignatianum in Kraków), Anna Reczyńska (Jagiellonian University in Kraków), Agnieszka Rzepa (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań), Renata Jarzębowska-Sadkowska (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń), Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż (University of Warsaw), Ewa Urbaniak-Rybicka (State University of Applied Sciences in Konin) Redaktorzy naczelni / Editors-in-Chief / Rédacteurs-en-chef Marcin Gabryś, Agnieszka Rzepa Redaktorzy odpowiedzialni za numer / Guest Editors / Rédacteurs responsables du numéro Marcin Gabryś, Tomasz Soroka Redaktorzy odpowiedzialni za biuletyn / Newsletter editors / Rédacteurs du Bulletin Ewelina Berek, Tomasz Soroka Siedziba redakcji: Rynek Główny 34, 31-010 Kraków Polska tel. +48 12 4325060 E-mail: [email protected] Poznań 2015 Projekt okładki i stron tytułowych: Zenon Dyrszka, Agnieszka Frydrychewicz Skład, łamanie i korekta: Pracownia Wydawnicza WA UAM TABLE DES MATIÈRES / / TABLE OF CONTENTS : Introduction .......................................................................... 7 DIMENSIONS OF POLITICS, POLICIES AND HISTORY / ASPECTS POLITIQUES ET HISTORIQUES Frédéric Boily – The Harper Government: True Blue Conservative or Liberal Lite ....................................................................................... 13 Magdalena Marczuk-Karbownik – Canada as a Trading Partner and Ally of Europe – Current Problems and Challenges in Transatlantic Relations ........................................................................................... 32 Jarema Słowiak – Working with the Enemy: Polish Perception of the Canadian Delegation in the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam .................................................. 49 Jean-Michel Turcotte – Les soldats d’Hitler détenus en terre canadienne : l’importance du Canada dans la détention de guerre durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale .................................................................. 62 CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPES / PAYSAGES CULTURELS ET LINGUISTIQUES Barbora Polachová, Magdalena Fiřtová – Canadian Identity: Issues of Cultural Diplomacy (1993-2012) ...................................................... 81 Rafał Kuś – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the Role of National Media Institutions in Creating Cultural Identity: A Historical Approach ............................................................................................... 104 Anna Chyla – Crossing Cultural Boundaries: The Concept of Canadianness in the Context of Franco-Ontarian Identity in Lola Lemire Tostevin’s Frog Moon .......................................................... 120 Józef Kwaterko – Conformismes et dissidences : idéologie et littérature québécoise (1830-1930) .................................................................... 132 Tomasz Soroka – Quebec’s Politics of Language: Uncommonly Restrictive Regime or Ill-Repute Undeserved? ................................. 151 6 Table des matières / Table of contents NANCY BURKE BEST M.A. THESIS AWARDS / PRIX NANCY BURKE POUR LES MEILLEURES THÈSES DE MAÎTRISE Sylvia Bezak – Zaangażowanie Inuitów na forum kanadyjskim i międzynarodowym w kwestii zmian klimatu i środowiska Arktyki w kontekście ochrony ich praw tubylczych ....................................... 177 Kamila Scheithauer (Niemiec) – Rediscovering Indigenous Knowledge in Contemporary Canada ................................................................... 196 Jagoda Tuz – Hipsters and the City ........................................................ 215 Comptes rendus / Reviews Józef Kwaterko: Janusz Przychodzeń, De la simplicitéé comme mode d’emploi. Le minimalisme en littérature Québécoise ........................ 235 Maria Palla: Molnár, Judit. Narrating the Homeland: The Importance of Space and Place in Canadian Multicultural English-Language Fiction ............................................................................................... 239 Magdalena Paluszkiewicz-Misiaczek: Anna Branach-Kallas, Uraz przetrwania: Trauma i polemika z mitem pierwszej wojny światowej w powieści kanadyjskiej .................................................................... 243 Karol Pluta: Jarosław Różański Omi, Polscy Oblaci wśród Indian i Inuitów ............................................................................................ 245 BULLETIN DE L’APEC / PACS NEWSLETTER CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS / APPEL À CONTRIBUTIONS SUBMISSIONS / SOUMISSION D'ARTICLES Marcin Gabryś Jagiellonian University Tomasz Soroka Jagiellonian University INTRODUCTION How is Canada perceived abroad? Has it retained its capabilities to influence and inspire? What is the position of Canada in the complex global system? How does Canada construct the modern world and what constructs Canada’s international image? These are the classical questions which Canadian international relations’ scholars have asked since Canada became an independent actor on the global stage. In order to address these questions fully, however, one cannot focus merely on Canada’s military and economic position. In the modern, globalized and interconnected world equally (if not more) relevant are factors of immaterial nature, which are collectively referred to as soft power. Joseph Samuel Nye, an American political scientist who coined the term ‘soft power’ in 1990, defines it as a country’s “cultural and ideological attraction.” This attraction may arise from (inter alia): “the openness of the culture to various ethnic minorities” and its popularity worldwide, “the values of democracy and human rights that exert international influence,” “the openness to immigrants,” political values, moral authority, the power of persuasion, diplomacy, an international reputation, intellectual achievements, or involvement in the creation of international institutions. In Nye’s other words, soft power is exercised when “a country may obtain the outcomes it wants (…) because other countries – admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness – want to follow it” (5). Soft power is thus achieving goals by being attractive to others or exhibiting exemplary behaviour worth imitating. Canada – “a Peaceful Kingdom” – has had a long history of using soft power elements in its foreign policy. Its positive image and fine international reputation in the world has been built by sticking to the rules of international law, membership in international organizations and commitment to international development agendas. Ottawa has a strong record of peacekeeping, promotion of human rights, multilateralism, and dispute 8 Marcin Gabryś, Tomasz Soroka resolution. Canada has also been the foremost promoter of minority rights and gender equality and the first country in the world to proclaim multiculturalism as the state’s official policy. Still leading in multiculturalism policy indexes, Canada attracts a large number of immigrants every year. There is, however, a darker side of Canada’s international image. Canada has recently been often criticized for squandering the reputation it has earned for decades as a promoter of climate change awareness and a global actor. Repeated criticism of Canada by the United Nations (for example for Quebec’s language laws) has poisoned Canadian international image. Also, Canada’s position as an environmentally sustainable country is being questioned due to its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol (Canada was the first country to do so), large-scale and controversial seal hunting, as well as massive extraction of oil and gas from Alberta’s tar sands. Given all the above, we decided to devote the 7th volume of TransCanadiana to a discussion and an evaluation of the soft power of Canada. The authors of the articles collected in this issue use a broad spectrum of perspectives to look at the role, influence and perceptions