FREE RIVER FOOD CHAINS PDF Angela Royston | 32 pages | 01 Aug 2014 | Heinemann Educational Books | 9781484605271 | English | United States River Food Chains by Angela Royston, Paperback | Barnes & Noble® The Hudson River Chain was two chain booms and two chevaux de frise constructed from to during the American Revolutionary War across the Hudson River as defenses to prevent British naval vessels from sailing upriver. The most significant River Food Chains successful was the Great Chain, constructed from West Point inand used through after River Food Chains war's end. The huge links for the chains were forged at iron works in Orange County, New York. Both the Americans and British knew that passage on the Hudson River was strategically important to the war effort. Americans worked to devise plans to slow or block ship passage on the river, planning to attack enemy ships by cannons and mortar located at existing defensive forts or those to be constructed. In late Henry Wisnera resident of Goshen, New York and one of New York's representatives to the Continental Congressalong with Gilbert Livingstonsounded the Hudson River and, as part of a Secret Committee of the " Committee of Safety ," recommended the placement of chains in strategic locations along the Hudson. The Americans eventually constructed such obstacles across the river at northern Manhattan, between forts Washington and Lee in ; at the newly constructed Fort Montgomery on the West Bank on Popolopen Creek in — south of West Point ; a partially completed one at Pollepel Island in — north of West Point ; and the Great Chain — between West Point and Constitution Island. The River Food Chains and most important project was the last-mentioned chain, at West Point, which was reset each spring until the end of the war. Attention was concentrated on the West Point area because the river narrowed there, and curved so sharply that, together with winds, tides and current, ships already had to slow to navigate the passage. Creating more obstructions on the river enabled the shore batteries to work their cannons against the enemy. As part of the barriers erected across the river, the Army constructed chevaux-de-frisean array of logs sunk underwater, between Fort Washington on the island of Manhattanand Fort Lee across the river in New Jersey. The logs were intended to pierce and sink any British ships that passed over it. An opening was left for River Food Chains passage of River Food Chains ships. After the British learned of the River Food Chains from a local resident, they successfully passed through the barrier several times. Captain Machin headed this effort. In Novembera faulty link broke under stress induced by the river tides, highlighting some of the difficulties of trying to chain the Hudson. After the British captured forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6,they dismantled the chain [4] and raided upriver as far as Kingston. Governor Clinton, one of the committee assigned by the New York Convention to devise means of defending the Hudson, was heartened as the British never attempted to run ships through the chain. After Captain Machin recovered from wounds from battle with the British, he began work on the stronger Great Chain at West Point, which was constructed and installed in The defenses were never fully completed, and its importance was overshadowed by completion of the Great Chain at West Point the following year. In the spring ofa heavy chain supported by huge logs was stretched across the Hudson from West Point to Constitution Islandopposite. The task was completed in six weeks. The Hudson River's narrow width and sharp turns at West Point created adverse sailing conditions. The Army took advantage of this by constructing The River Food Chains Chain in as an obstacle to the movement of British ships north of West Point. The River Food Chains "S-Curve" of the Hudson at this point forced any large ship to tack in order to navigate it. American soldiers positioned the chain to impede the progress of a ship should it attempt to turn into the east—west channel against the strong current and frequently unfavorable winds. Part of River Food Chains estuary of the Lower Hudson River, this area is subject to significant tidesmaking navigation by sailing vessels particularly difficult. Cannons were placed in forts and artillery batteries on both sides of the river to destroy ships when they slowed to a halt against the obstacle. The links were carted to New Windsorwhere they were put together, and floated down the river River Food Chains West Point on logs late in April. Including swivelsclevisesand anchors, the chain weighed 65 tons. Short sections of chain 10 links, a swiveland a clevis were stapled across each raft and later, in the river, the chain sections were united. On 30 Aprilhe directed the installation of the chain across the river. River Food Chains southern end was River Food Chains to a small cove on the West Bank of the river and its northern end was anchored to Constitution Island. Both ends were anchored to log cribs filled with rocks. A system of pulleys, rollers, ropes, and mid-stream anchors were used to adjust the chain's tension to overcome the effects of river current and changing tide. Untilthe chain was removed each winter and reinstalled each spring to avoid destruction by ice. The British never attempted to run the chain. Benedict Arnold claimed in correspondence with the British that "a well-loaded ship could break the chain. After the revolution, the portion of the chain not saved was "relegated to the West Point Foundry furnaces near Cold Spring, New Yorkto be melted down for other uses. The thirteen links of the River Food Chains represent each of the original states; the display includes one swivel and one clevis. The exhibit is maintained and preserved by the West Point Museum. Townsend as "Culper Jr" was one of the spies in the Culper spy ring for George Washington, and was the cousin of Peter Townsend, the owner of the iron works. Capitalizing on pride in the audacious engineering project, John C. Abbey, and later Francis Bannerman, sold counterfeit chain links to collectors River Food Chains museums. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. River barriers used during the American Revolutionary War. Retrieved See also : Category. United States Military Academy. Eggnog Riot. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Hudson Valley articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Commons category link is on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November Articles with permanently dead external links. Namespaces Article Talk. River Food Chains Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Humpback Whales Have Made A Comeback In New York City – CBS New York The energy and matter produced by plants and other autotrophs are distributed to other River Food Chains in an ecosystem through pathways known as food chains and food webs. A food chain is River Food Chains simple linkage of producers to consumers through feeding relationships. River Food Chains example, when a small fish eats an aquatic insect, and a larger fish eats the small fish, the two fish and the insect are linked in a food chain. Food webs are more complex, and consist of a network of linked food chains. Organisms commonly consume, and are consumed by, more than one other type of organism. Each organism has characteristic feeding preferences and patterns, and can itself be prey to other consumers. Food webs connect autotrophs, at the lowest feeding level, to the herbivores primary consumers and then to various carnivores secondary consumers. A simplified view of a food web in a wooded stream is presented on the right. The concept of food webs is also demonstrated in the Food Web interactive feature. The trophic level is an organism's position in the food chain as determined by the River Food Chains of energy- transfer steps required to reach that level Begon et al. A fish River Food Chains has consumed an insect, which itself has just consumed algae, is at a higher trophic level than the insect. In rivers, as in the majority of other aquatic and terrestrial systems, the energy at the base of a food web comes from the solar energy fixed River Food Chains plants through photosynthesis growing in the water or on land. Energy derived from terrestrial plants enters the water in the form of plant parts, such as leaves or twigs, or in the form of dissolved organic matter. This material is used as a source of energy by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, and by invertebrates. Plants in the river are also important in food webs—microscopic algae are often eaten while alive, while larger aquatic plants mainly River Food Chains food chains after they have died. Cascade interactions occur in food webs when one group of organisms indirectly affects another group, by feeding on animals that eat the other group. For example, when predators consume herbivores, the plants that the herbivores would otherwise have consumed will multiply. Because of the complex interactions, change River Food Chains the structure of a food web by introducing or removing species, can have unpredictable results. Looking at ecosystems in terms of food chains and webs, however, can help us understand River Food Chains species introduction or removal impacts the environment. Food Chains and Food Webs The energy and matter produced by plants and other autotrophs are distributed to other organisms in an ecosystem through pathways known as food chains and food webs.