STATE OF INDIA’S LIVELIHOODS REPORT 2018 AN ACCESS PUBLICATION State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2018 Edited by Narasimhan Srinivasan Copyright @ Access Development Services 2018 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from this publisher. ACCESS Development Services 22, Hauz Khas Village New Delhi 110016 www.accessdev.org Disclaimer: The view expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view and policies of ACCESS. NABARD and Rabobank do not assume any responsibility for the content published in this report Cover photograph courtesy: ACCESS iii Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................................................vi List of Boxes ............................................................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... ix Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................xv Preface .....................................................................................................................................................................xvii 1. Overview ..............................................................................................................................................................01 Narasimhan Srinivasan 2. Policy Initiatives on Livelihoods .......................................................................................................................11 Dr. Ashok Kumar Sircar 3. Important Government Livelihood Programmes and Schemes .................................................................39 Biswa Bandhu Mohanty 4. Agricultural Livelihoods - Need for Re-imagination .....................................................................................63 Dr. Richa Govil 5. Women and their Livelihoods ...........................................................................................................................83 Girija Srinivasan 6. Working with the Poorest of the Poor through the Graduation Approach ............................................101 Dr. Ajit Kanitkar and Bikalp Chamola 7. Social Enterprises – Scale and Sustainability ................................................................................................115 Dr. Madhukar Shukla 8. Corporate Social Responsibility and Livelihoods .........................................................................................133 Priya Naik, Punita Bansal and Sandhya Tenneti About the Sponsors ...............................................................................................................................................153 About the Authors .................................................................................................................................................155 iv State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2018 List of Tables Table 1.1: Savings and Capital Formation ...................................................................................................................................2 Table 1.2: Employment in Select Sectors ....................................................................................................................................3 Table 1.3: Unemployment Rates in Different Age Groups ......................................................................................................4 Table 1.4: Farm Incomes and Loan Service Capacity ...............................................................................................................6 Table 1.5: HDI Comparisons Across Years ................................................................................................................................8 Table 1.6: Credit as Proportion of GVA in Agriculture ...........................................................................................................9 Table 2.1: Average Number of Days of Paid Work (per month)............................................................................................17 Table 2.2: Some data on Cattle population ................................................................................................................................18 Table 2.3: Cost of production determined by the CACP for calculating MSPs for KMS 2018-19 (in Rs/quintal) ......................................................................22 Table 2.4: The Anticipated Shift (Sectors with Presence of Significant unorganized segment) ........................................26 Table 2.5: Wages in MNREGA ....................................................................................................................................................28 Table 2.6: Number of persons worked in MNREGA .............................................................................................................29 Table 2.7: How Compensation for delayed wages was systematically underestimated across states in 2016-17 ..................................................................................29 Table 2.8: Average number of days worked by a person in MNREGA ...............................................................................29 Table 2.9: Number of HHs got 100 days of work in MNREGA .........................................................................................29 Table 2.10: Summary of Studies on NFSA Implementation ...................................................................................................31 Table 2.11: Budget Allocations for NFSA-Related Programmes (in INR Millions) from 2011 to 2017-2018 .............................................................................................................32 Table 3.1: MNAREGAS-Year–wise progress &Trends ............................................................................................................42 Table 3.2: Progress under PMAY (Urban) (as on October 15th 2018) .............................................................................................................................................................47 Table 3.3: PMAY Benefits for MIG I and II ..............................................................................................................................47 Table 3.4: Expenditure under NRLM (Rs. In crore) ................................................................................................................50 Table 3.5 : Cumulative Position of NRLM Progress ...............................................................................................................50 Figure 3.6: SHGs having Credit Outstanding to Banks under NRLM ..................................................................................51 Table 3.6: Progress under DDUGKY – Year- wise progress (unit in number) ....................................................................52 Table 3.7: Year-wise budget and expenditure of MSED ..........................................................................................................56 Table 4.1 Decadal change in male main workers .......................................................................................................................65 Table 4.2: Average debt and income by landholding size-class ...............................................................................................66 v Table 5.1: Coverage of women under different initiatives .......................................................................................................89 Table 5.2: Service providers for the Hand in Hand initiative ..................................................................................................97 Table 5.3 Outreach year on year ..................................................................................................................................................98 Table 6.1: Key Findings from Rural India ...................................................................................................................................103 Table 6.2: Deprivation Data ..........................................................................................................................................................103 Table 6.3: Sources of Household income ...................................................................................................................................103 Table 6.4: Before-after Transformation ......................................................................................................................................109 Table 7.1: Some Key Advantages and Constraints of Legal Entity Options for Social Enterprises .................................118 Table 7.2: Legal Entity Status of Social Enterprises .................................................................................................................118