MIXING AND UNMIXING LANGUAGES: ROMANI MULTILINGUALISM IN POST-SOCIALIST, POST- CONFLICT KOSOVO A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 AMELIA J. ABERCROMBIE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES/Social Anthropology Contents List of illustrations .................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Copyright statement ................................................................................................................................. 8 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 9 Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Note on orthographies ......................................................................................................................... 12 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 14 1 Preamble ............................................................................................................................................ 14 2 Research questions ....................................................................................................................... 20 3 Mixture & purity in linguistics & anthropology ................................................................. 22 4 Balkan ethnicities: Malleable identities and porous borders ...................................... 25 5 Terzimahalla, Durmish Aslano & Me...................................................................................... 35 6 Methodological and ethical considerations ........................................................................ 43 7 Thesis outline .................................................................................................................................. 44 2 Durmish Aslano in Prizren: From Partizan to NGO ................................................................... 47 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 47 1 1969: KAM Durmish Aslano ...................................................................................................... 47 2 From workers to nations: Changing Yugoslavs ................................................................. 56 3 Nations to nationalists ................................................................................................................. 61 4 Forgetting the war: Roma narratives ................................................................................... 65 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 72 3 Ways of Learning, Participating and Observing .......................................................................... 73 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 73 1 Anthropologists and other learners ....................................................................................... 74 2 The learning process .................................................................................................................... 80 2 3 Ways of learning ............................................................................................................................. 83 4 Diglossic learning ........................................................................................................................... 91 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 96 4 Intangible Culture And Tangible Employment After Socialism ............................................ 98 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 98 1 Intangible culture ........................................................................................................................... 98 2 Rights as discourses .................................................................................................................... 108 3 Work, kin & community ............................................................................................................ 114 4 Unequal redistribution .............................................................................................................. 120 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 124 5 Standardisation: Learning Linguistics in the Bath ................................................................... 126 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 126 1 Politics and letters ....................................................................................................................... 128 2 Words and purism ....................................................................................................................... 131 3 Intellectuals and barbarisms ................................................................................................... 137 4 Ideology and diffusion ............................................................................................................... 143 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 148 6 O Romano Teatro and Gypsy Theatricality ................................................................................. 151 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 151 1 Acting like ‘gypsies’ ..................................................................................................................... 152 2 Roma in the Balkans ................................................................................................................... 160 3 Natural patriarchy ....................................................................................................................... 164 4 Gypsy comedy, Romani tragedy ............................................................................................. 170 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 175 7 Mixing Before the War ......................................................................................................................... 178 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 178 1 Language boundaries and contentment ............................................................................. 179 3 2 Before the war: A nostalgic genre ......................................................................................... 186 3 Sedentarist cosmopolitanism.................................................................................................. 192 4 Purism and mixture .................................................................................................................... 198 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 201 8 Between two fires? Dissonance, diglossia, disorientation .................................................... 203 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 203 1 Between Prizren and the enclaves ........................................................................................ 203 2 Variations on a theme: Betweenness ................................................................................... 205 3 Mixture, hierarchy and change ............................................................................................... 207 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 219 Word count: 79,572 4 List of illustrations Fig. 1: The staff of the NGO Durmish Aslano in Radio Romano Avazo studio ………….…..39 Fig. 2: The book 35 Bersha e Romane K.A.M. “Durmish Aslano” 1969 – 2004 ( ‘35 Years of the K.A.M. Durmish Aslano 1969 – 2004’)….……….………………………………48 Fig. 3: Form for ICH inventories……………..……………………….……………………….…….………101 Fig. 4: The shrine of Baba Umer …………….……………………….……………………………………..102