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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN-10: 0-8213-6931-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6931-9 eISBN: 0-8213-6932-6 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6931-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World Bank. More than a pretty picture : using poverty maps to design better policies and interventions. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6931-9 ISBN-10: 0-8213-6931-8 ISBN-10: 0-8213-6932-6 (electronic) 1. Poverty—Maps—Case studies. 2. Poverty—Government policy—Case studies. I. Title. II. Title: Using poverty maps to design better policies and interventions. HC79.P6W65 2007 362.5'561—dc22 2006102151 All dollar amounts (US$) are U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. Cover design by Quantum Think. All maps used with permission. Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgments xii About the Contributors xiii PARTOne Applications and Lessons 1 Maps for Policy Making: Beyond the Obvious Targeting Applications 3 Tara Bedi, Aline Coudouel, and Kenneth Simler Building Awareness, Changing Perceptions, Opening a New Dialogue on Poverty 5 Revisiting Old Ideas, Exploring New Options 7 Designing Interventions Tailored to Local Needs 12 Strengthening Accountability 15 Promoting Evidence-Based Decision Making by Building Capacity 16 Limitations 17 Conclusions 21 References 22 2 Increasing the Impact of Poverty Maps 23 Tara Bedi, Aline Coudouel, and Kenneth Simler Step 1: Defining the Scope of the Mapping Exercise 26 Step 2: Building Support 27 Step 3: Creating Demand 28 Step 4: Overcoming Challenges, Conflicts, and Tensions 30 Step 5: Establishing Institutional Arrangements 33 Step 6: Addressing Data and Software Issues 35 iii iv CONTENTS Step 7: Producing the Poverty Maps and Testing Their Validity 38 Step 8: Distributing Poverty Mapping Products 41 Step 9: Supporting Users and Providing Follow-Up 44 Step 10: Engaging External Development Partners 46 Annex 2.1 Key Counterparts in the Poverty Mapping Process 49 PARTTwo Country Studies 3 Constructing and Using Poverty Maps for Policy Making: The Experience in Albania 53 Calogero Carletto, Andrew Dabalen, and Alia Moubayed Preparation and Dissemination of the Poverty Maps 54 Awareness and Policy Outcomes 59 Lessons Learned 63 Conclusion: Increasing and Sustaining the Policy Impact of Poverty Maps 64 Notes 65 References 66 4 The Geography of Monetary Poverty in Bolivia: The Lessons of Poverty Maps 67 Omar Arias and Marcos Robles The Demand for Poverty Maps in Bolivia 68 Data and Methodology 70 Policy Lessons from the Monetary Poverty Mapping Exercise 72 More Than a Technical Exercise: Uses and Impact of the Monetary Poverty Map 78 A Challenging Political and Institutional Context 81 Weak Effort in Dissemination and Outreach 82 Lack of Broad, Sustained Capacity Building 83 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 84 Annex 4.1 Use of the Monetary Poverty Maps by Governmental and International Institutions 86 Notes 88 References 88 CONTENTS v 5 The Poverty Mapping Exercise in Bulgaria 90 Boryana Gotcheva Background 92 Technical Aspects of Poverty Mapping 94 Findings of the Poverty Mapping Exercise 97 The Use of Poverty Maps and the Impact of the Maps on Policy 104 The Long-Term Sustainability of the Poverty Maps 114 Summary of the Lessons Learned 121 Notes 122 References 124 6 To Use or Not to Use? Poverty Mapping in Cambodia 125 Tomoki Fujii Poverty Mapping in Cambodia 126 Poverty Reduction 127 Ground-Truthing 128 Nutrition Mapping 130 The Interviews with Stakeholders 131 Hearing about and Using the Poverty Map 132 The Accuracy of the Map 134 Map Distribution 136 Capacity Building 137 Other Challenges 138 Lessons Learned 139 Notes 141 References 141 7 Poverty Maps of Yunnan Province: Uses and Lessons for Scaling-Up in China 143 Yusuf Ahmad and Chor-ching Goh Country Context 143 The Mapping Process 144 Data Issues 145 Field Validation 146 Dissemination 147 Impacts of the Maps 148 Lessons for Scaling Up 150 Conclusions 152 vi CONTENTS Notes 152 References 152 8 The 1990 and 2001 Ecuador Poverty Maps 153 María Caridad Araujo Motivation 153 Background 154 Preparation of Poverty Maps: Technical Aspects 156 Distribution of Poverty Maps and the Policy Impact 162 Lessons for the Future 172 Annex 8.1 Ecuador Poverty Maps 174 Notes 175 References 176 9 Indonesia’s Poverty Maps: Impacts and Lessons 177 Yusuf Ahmad and Chor-ching Goh Country Context 177 The Mapping Process 178 Impacts: Actual Poverty Map Applications 180 Impacts: Potential Poverty Map Applications 182 Lessons 184 Conclusions 186 Notes 187 References 187 10 Poverty Maps and Public Policy: Lessons from Mexico 188 Luis F. López-Calva, L. Rodríguez-Chamussy, and Miguel Székely The Evolution of Poverty and the Need for Disaggregation . 189 Institutional Changes That Have Reinforced the Need for Data. 193 The Mapping Process and Its Diverse Dimensions 194 The Use of Poverty Maps 200 Are Poverty Maps Perceived as Useful? Are They Being Used by Other Agents? 203 Updating Poverty Maps: Selected Issues 204 Lessons Learned 205 Annex 10.1 The Process for the Selection of Variables 206 Notes 207 References 207 CONTENTS vii 11 The Poverty Mapping Application in Morocco 208 Jennie Litvack Overview 208 Technical Aspects of the Poverty Mapping Exercise 212 Results, Analysis, and the Implications for Policy Use 216 The Implications for Targeting Strategies 220 The Impact of the Poverty Map on Policy 221 The Sustainability of the Poverty Map 223 Lessons Learned 223 References 224 12 Poverty Maps in Sri Lanka: Policy Impacts and Lessons 225 Tara Vishwanath and Nobuo Yoshida Building a Poverty Map, Technical Considerations 226 Results of the Poverty Mapping Exercise 227 Further Analysis Using the Poverty Maps 230 Building Capacity to Sustain the Poverty Mapping Exercise 233 The Impact of the Poverty Maps on Policy 237 Concluding Remarks 238 Notes 239 References 240 13 Thailand’s Poverty Maps: From Construction to Application 241 Somchai Jitsuchon and Kaspar Richter Rapid Poverty Reduction 242 Unpacking Spatial Poverty 243 Roadblocks to Application 248 The Way Forward 255 Notes 258 References 259 14 Poverty Mapping: The Experience of Vietnam 261 Rob Swinkels and Carrie Turk Background 261 Arrangements and Process 264 Technical Aspects 267 The Findings of the Poverty Mapping Exercise 270 Impact 278 viii CONTENTS Missed Opportunities for Influence 281 Sustainability 283 The Lessons Learned 284 References 286 Boxes 1.1 Building Poverty Maps: The Small Area Estimation Method 4 1.2 What May Be Projected onto the Poverty Maps 8 1.3 Geographical Targeting: How Much Does It Help? 13 1.4 Potential Technical Issues and Policy Relevance 18 2.1 The 10 Steps of the Poverty Mapping Process 24 5.1 Major Dissemination, Training, and Capacity-Building Events, Bulgaria 117 8.1 Actual and Potential Poverty Map Uses: Policy and Applications Audience 169 13.1 The Sufficiency Economy 249 13.2 Data Collection for the BMN and NRD2C Data Sets 250 13.3 The POREP Initiative 254 Figures 3.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio in Albania by Region, District, and Commune/Municipality 60 3.2 Policy Impact Analysis: Distribution of Social Assistance Block Grants in Albania 61 4.1 Incidence and Intensity of Consumption Poverty in Bolivia, 2001 73 4.2 Average per Capita Consumption and Monetary Poverty in Municipalities, Bolivia 74 4.3 Inequality and Consumption in Municipalities, Bolivia 2001 75 4.4 Inequality and Extreme Poverty Measures in Municipalities, Bolivia 2001 75 4.5 UBN and Consumption Poverty Maps on Municipalities, Bolivia 2001 77 4.6 Poverty and UBN in Municipalities, Bolivia 2001 77 4.7 Uses for and Awareness of Monetary Poverty Maps among Institutions, Bolivia 79 5.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio