MUNINAL’21 United Nations Security Council Delegate Study Guide 1 LETTER FROM SECRETARY GENERAL Dear Delegates, It is my utmost pleasure to welcome you all to the MUNINAL’21. I am happy to say that it is an honor for me to serve you as Secretary General in the first ever official online conference of MUNINAL. I can assure you all that our conference will be unforgettable in every single way possible. Our organization team, led by Mr. Ozan Eren, has put up so much effort to plan every single detail of organization to give you the best experience. Also, our DSG Deniz had a lot of efforts to be verified by munturkey.com. It is my utmost pleasure to welcome you the 2 MUNINAL’21’s UNSC committee. Our distinguished Under Secretary General Süha and his assistant Osman Has prepared this study guide for you to understand the concept of this committee as well as rules of procedure of that conference is different from a regular MUN. This committee is well thought and prepared. Get ready for the fu and the crises all along the conference. There will be lots of surprises among the 2 days ahead of you. Both our organization team and academic team has been working so hard to make this experience unique and unforgettable. Sincerely, Arda Demirel Secretary General of MUNINAL’21 LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL Most esteemed participants, Before introducing myself, I would like to welcome you all to MUNINAL’21. My name is Süha Ayvaz. I am a senior grade at Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University. I am studying International Relations and I will be serving you as Under-Secretary-General responsible for UNSC. As usual, the focal point of the Council is maintaining world peace and security together. And this committee will be no different. Council’s rights to take precautions within its mandate and the charter of the United Nations. The actions that the Council will take will subsequently affect the flow of the committee, so I can suggest you think twice when you are taking measures or executing events, as they can have severe consequences. Please bear in mind that this study guide is not a comprehensive total review of the issue, and it merely serves as a path through which every delegate can start researching. The course of the committee will require agile reactions to every event, so it is in the best interest of every member of the committee if you were to complement this study guide with other resources and develop a 3 comprehensive understanding of the issue. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. I wish you all the best of luck. You can contact me via [email protected] Yours sincerely Ahmet Süha Ayvaz Under-Secretary-General responsible for UNSC Letter From Academic Assistant Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, To begin with, I would like to salute and thank you for participating in MUNINAL’21. My name is Osman Özer and I am a sophomore student at the University of Istanbul – Cerrahpaşa in the English Language Teaching Department. I will be serving you as the Academic Assistant of the United Nations Security Council committee. Having been through tough lockdown situations derived from COVID-19 lately, I am thrilled to serve you as so in one of the very first faces to face conferences organised here, in Turkey. There are a few issues that concern with world’s peace and safety hereby presented to you through this booklet. By pointing at the duties and mandate of UNSC, reminding you that you should imagine not just an ordinary individual, but a decisionmaker for the fate of the world. Consequently, it is my utmost sincere recommendation for you to study thoroughly and pay attention to flow in committee. 4 Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, Before concluding, there are two things I consider important. One of which is that this work of research was designed, developed and produced through the multitude of resources of various religious faiths and beliefs, even though some of them are not directly cited from, as much as possible. The other one is the motive behind the preparation of this booklet was to give you some ground knowledge about the agendas you are going to talk about. Some important or proportionally big parts or small details regarding agendas might be not given intentionally and left blank. In that sense, you must fill in the blanks and enrichen yourself by doing further readings. In case of a question, you might contact me as well through [email protected] Wishing you all good luck and waiting fingers crossed to meet you. Thank you. 5 A word of caution before you start: Before you start reading the study guide, please understand that the study guide is only meant to be a starting point for your research. It can guide you through the process of gathering essential information on the topic, but it is in no way a substitute for the actual research every delegate is required to do. 6 I. INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL AND ITS MANDATE The United Nations Security Council was founded in 1945 shortly after the League of Nations had failed. League of Nations then was restored as the United Nations. In its charter, the United Nations makes it clear that within its 6 main organs, The United Nations Security Council, shortly UNSC is the only executive part of the United Nations and one can easily understand that it keeps the balance of powers stable thus guards the global security and peace. Understanding the nature and the history of the UNSC, it is the most prominent organ of the UN as the first article in the UN Charter clearly shows the aim of the establishment as “to maintain international peace and security” and thus all the decisions taken by the UNSC are binding and all the UN member states must implement those while other organs can only make recommendations to the member states. UNSC is also responsible for the recognition of the non-member states to be part of the UN. UNSC is governed by the presidency and it rotates every month. As of April 2018, the current president in Vietnam[1] Security Council holds its meetings with 15 members states. There are two different kinds of members, permanent members, and temporary members. The permanent members of the council as the name suggests, are not replaced and they all possess a veto power meaning even one permanent member state can disapprove of any kind of action to be taken by the council, they are often referred to as “P5” -the permanent five- and those states are United States of America, United Kingdom, France, People’s Republic of China, and Russian Federation. The temporary members consist of 10 states which are: Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Sweden.[2] They are elected in the United Nations General Assembly for a 2-year term basis concerning the geographic patterns mentioned in 7 resolution A 1991(XVIII). Each member state has only one vote for making collective decisions however since P5 members have a veto right, without the permanent states’ consensus no action can be taken by the Security Council and the decisions are taken by the council must be followed by all the other member states accordingly. The mandate of the Security Council As stated above, it is in the true nature of the Security Council to maintain international peace and security to prevent conflicts. The UN charter establishes the Security Council as one of the six main organs and grants these responsibilities and the council may meet whenever it is necessary. As stated in the charter, the council has 4 main purposes as follows: ▪ " to maintain international peace and security; ▪ to develop friendly relations among nations; ▪ to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; ▪ and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. Actions That Can Be Followed for Maintaining the Peace When the Council receives a threat to the peace the usual action is to advise the parties for trying to reach an agreement. The Council may: ▪ set forth principles for such an agreement; ▪ undertake investigation and mediation, in some cases; ▪ dispatch a mission; ▪ appoint special envoys; or 8 ▪ request the Secretary-General to use his good offices to achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute. When conflict turns into violent events, stopping them as soon as possible is the priority of the Council, if such events unfold the Council may: ▪ issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation of the conflict; ▪ dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. Further on the Council may choose to apply enforcement measures, these are: ▪ economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties and restrictions, and travel bans; ▪ severance of diplomatic relations; ▪ blockade; or even collective military action. [3] AGENDA ITEM I: NON-PROLIFERATION OF ICBMs IN NORTH KOREA AND POSSIBLE SANCTIONS ON NORTH KOREA A. North Korea's Nuclear Arms Race: Timeline of events Foremost North Korea is a non-nuclear-weapon state and there are only 5 official nuclear-weapon states and they are also the 5 permanent members of the Council. According to the Treaty on Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, a nuclear-weapon state is a country that manufactured a nuclear weapon and exploded before 1967, January 1. [4] However, as it is detailly explained bellowed, NPT has a loophole as one country who signed the treaty can withdraw from the agreement with no repercussions and so did North Korea in 2003.[5] 9 Since their withdrawal, they have been testing and detonating nuclear bombs.