o-o 57TH CONGRESS,ESS, ) HOUSE OF REPR^ ^ VAT1VES. DOCUMENT %d Session ' No. 217. Professional Paper No. 9 ' Series H, Forestry, 6 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DiKECTOE FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE BY H. D. LANGILLE, FRED G. PLUMMER, ARTHUR DODWELL, THEODORE F. RIXON AND JOHN B. LEIBERG WITH AN INTRODUCTION KY HENRY GANNETT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1903 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal .................................-..-.-....-.-..-----.-.--. ------ --- 13 INTRODUCTION, BY HENRY GANNETT . - ...........................................----------- 15 Boundaries ...........................................-.....-..-------..-------------. 15 Examinations........................................ ............-.........--------.- 18 Topography and geology -.-....................................--...---.....---------- 19 Climate .............................................................................. 24 Classification of lands .......-_...............,.......--..---------..-.--...----------- 24 Timber............................................................................... 24 NORTHERN PORTION OP CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE, BY H. D. LANGILLE ................ 27 Area examined ....................................................................... 27 Topographic features.................................-...--...----.......-.-----..--.- 27 Climate .............................................................................. 28 Minerals and mining ......................................................_...--..--.. 30 Classification of lands ................................................................. 30 Timber................................................................................ 31 Species..............................................-..................._........ 31 Dead and defective timber ......................................................... 32 Present and probable future utilization of timber resources........................... 32 Reforestation ..................................................................... 35 Agricultural land ..................................................................... 37 Water supply and irrigation ........................................................... 37 Grazing.............................................................................. 38 Forest fires ........................................................................... 40 Roads and trails ...................................................................... 41 Private holdings and improvements .................................................... 41 Descriptions of townships.............................................................. 42 Township 3 north, range 8 east ........................................... .... 42 Township 2 north, range 7 east ................................................ 42 Township 2 north, range 8 east ................................................ 43 Township 1 north, range 8 east ................................................ 44 Township 1 south, range 8 east ................................................ 45 Township 1 south, range 8J east ............................................... 46 Township 1 south, range 9 east ........................ ..................... 47 Township 1 south, range 10 east ............................................... 48 Township 1 south, range 11 east ............................................... 49 Township 2 south, range 85 east ............................................... 50 Township 2 south, range 9 east ................................................ 50 3 4 CONTENTS. NORTHERN PORTION OP CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE Continued. Descriptions of townships Continued. Township 2 south, range 10 east ...............................I,..,.--........... 51 Township 2 south, range 11 east . ............................................. 53 Township 3 south, range 7 east .... ........................................... 54 Township 3. south, range 8 east ................................................ 54 Township 3 south, range 85 east ............................... ............... 56 Township 3 south, range 9 east ............................. .................. 56 Township 3 south, range 10 east ............................................... 58 Township 3 south, range 11 east ..... ......................................... 59 Township 4 south, range 7 east ................................................ 60 Township 4 south, range 8 east ................................................ 61 Township 4 south, range 8£ east ............................................... 61 Township 4 south, range 9 east................................................. 62 Township 4 south, range 10 east................................................ 63 Township 4 south, range 11 east..'.............................................. 64 Township 1 north, range 9 east................................................. 65 Township 2 north, range 9 east................................................. 66 Township 3 north, range 9 east................. ............................... 67 Township 1 north, range 10 east...................................... ..... ... 68 Township 2 north, range 10 east............... ............................. .. 69 Township 3 north, range 10 east................................................ 69 CENTRAL PORTION OP CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE, BY FRED G. PLUMMER; ............... 71 General description................................................... .*................ 71 Climate ................. ...................,........'................................ 72 Routes of travel ...................................................................... 73 Soils and arable lands .................................................t............... 74 Lava flows and cinder cones ........................................................... 75 Mining ........................ ................................................ ..... 76 Mineral springs ....................................................................... 76 Timber............................................................................... 77 Tree species....................................................................... 77 Geographical distribution ...................................................... 77 Range and development ....................................................... 81 Rate of growth of Conifer* .................................................... 82 Defects........................................................................... 82 Estimates ........................................................................ 82 Underbrush ........................................................................... 87 Burns .................. ............................................................. 88 Humus ..-.-.-.....-...........--.................-..-----------.-_-.- ....--..-..--... 89 Litter ................. .............................................................. 89 Timberleps areas ............ ......................................................... 90 Cutting .................. ....................................................... 90 Logging conditions............................................. ...................... 91 Prices................................................................................ 91 Settlements and improvements......................................................... 92 CONTENTS. 5 CENTRAL PORTION OP CASCADE RANGE FOREST RESERVE Continued. Page. The forest as a water conserver ........................................................ 92 Descriptions of townships ....................................... ^.................. 95 Township 5 south, range 5 east.............................................. 95 Township 5 south, range 6 east................................................. 95 Township 5 south, range 7 east............................................... - 96 Township 5 south, range 8 east.. ............... ..............-..........-._.- 96 Township 5 south, range 8£ east......................................... .... 97 Township 5 south, range 9 east............................................ 98 Township 5 south, range 10 east............................................ - - - 98 Township 5 south, range 11 east ............. .................................. 99 Township 6 south, range 5 east ................................................ 99 Township 6 south, range 6 east ...... ..................................... .... 100 Township 6 south, range 7 east ................................................ 101 Township 6 south, range 8 east ................................................. 101 Township 6 south, range 8J east ............................................... 102 Township 6 south, range 9 east ................................................ 102 Township 6 south, range 10 east ............................................... 103 Township 6 south, range 11 east .......................................... .... 103 Township 7 south, range 5 east ................................................ 104 Township 7 south, range 6 east ................-............^................... 104 Township 7 south, range 7 east ................................................ 105 Township 7 south, range 8 east ........................................... .... 105 Township 7 south, range 8£ east ..............................................