Global Technology Watch Group- Renewable Energy Technologies Interim Report August 2016 Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc Centre for Energy Studies IIT-D National Institute of Advanced Studies Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute Global Technology Watch Group- Renewable Energy Technologies Interim Report Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc Centre for Energy Studies IIT-D National Institute of Advanced Studies Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute August 2016 2 Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Solar Photovoltiac Technologies ............................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Solar Cells – PV basic Principle ......................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 History and Development of PV technologies ................................................................ 12 2.2 International best practices and technology overview ........................................................ 13 2.2.1 Mono-crystalline silicon cells .............................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Multi-Crystalline silicon cell ................................................................................................ 16 2.2.3 Thin Films PV Cells ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.4 Gallium arsenide ................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Amorphous Silicon .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2.6 Cadmium telluride thin films .............................................................................................. 24 2.2.7 CdTe thin film preparation: ................................................................................................ 25 2.2.8 Copper Indium Gallium-Selinide ....................................................................................... 27 2.2.9 Multi-Junction PV cells ....................................................................................................... 28 2.2.10 Dye-Sensitized Solar cell (DSC) ..................................................................................... 33 2.2.11 Organic photovoltaic (OPV) Solar cell ......................................................................... 34 2.2.12 Perovskites Solar cells ...................................................................................................... 34 2.3 Current status in India ............................................................................................................. 38 2.4 Applicability in the Indian context ......................................................................................... 47 References .............................................................................................................................................. 48 Appendix – 2A ...................................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 59 3.2 Concentrating Solar power...................................................................................................... 59 3.2.1 Current status in India ......................................................................................................... 60 3.2.2 International best practices ................................................................................................. 63 3.2.3 Applicability in the Indian context .................................................................................... 64 3.2.4 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 64 3.3 Passive heating and cooling systems in building .................................................................. 64 3.3.1 Current status in India ......................................................................................................... 64 3 3.3.2 International best practices ................................................................................................. 66 3.3.3 Applicability in Indian context ........................................................................................... 66 3.3.5 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 66 3.4 Daylight modeling concepts and energy saving assessment .............................................. 67 3.4.1 Current status ........................................................................................................................ 67 3.4.2 International best practices ................................................................................................. 69 3.4.3 Applicability in the Indian context .................................................................................... 69 3.4.5 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 69 3.5 Solar heating of biogas plant................................................................................................... 69 3.5.1 Current status ........................................................................................................................ 69 3.5.2 International best practices ................................................................................................. 71 3.5.3 Applicability in the Indian context .................................................................................... 72 3.5.4 Recommendation/Future plan .......................................................................................... 72 3.6 Solar distillation ........................................................................................................................ 73 3.6.1 Current status ........................................................................................................................ 73 3.6.2 International best practices: ................................................................................................ 75 3.6.3 Applicability in the Indian context .................................................................................... 76 3.6.4 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 76 3.7 Greenhouse PVT Dryer ......................................................................................................... 76 3.7.1 Current status ...................................................................................................................... 76 3.7.2 Applicability in the Indian context ................................................................................... 78 3.7.3 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 78 3.8 Solar water heaters ................................................................................................................... 78 3.8.1 Current status in India ......................................................................................................... 78 3.8.2 International best practices ................................................................................................. 79 3.8.3 Applicability in the Indian context .................................................................................... 82 3.8.4 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 82 References .............................................................................................................................................. 83 4 Storage for energy management ................................................................................................ 85 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 85 4.1.1 The Need for Storage Technologies ................................................................................. 85 4 4.1.2 Types of Storage Technologies .......................................................................................... 87 4.2 International Scenario and technology overview ................................................................. 89 4.2.1 Thermal Energy Storage ...................................................................................................... 89 4.2.2 Chemical Energy Storage .................................................................................................... 92 4.2.3 Compressed Air Storage ...................................................................................................... 97 4.2.4 Pumped hydro storage (PHS) ............................................................................................. 98 4.3