Analyzing and Designing an Off-Grid Commercial Library Building at Najran University in the Hot Arid Climate of Najran, Saudi Arabia Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Almazam, Khaled Ali Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 17:24:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625312 ANALYZING AND DESIGNING AN OFF-GRID COMMERCIAL LIBRARY BUILDING AT NAJRAN UNIVERSITY IN THE HOT ARID CLIMATE OF NAJRAN, SAUDI ARABIA by Khaled Almazam ___________________________ Copyright © Khaled Almazam 2017 A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty Of the SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR The thesis titled Analyzing and Designing an Off-grid Commercial Library Building at Najran University in the Hot Arid Climate of Najran, Saudi Arabia prepared by Khaled Ali Almazam has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a master’s degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Khaled Ali Almazam APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: __________ Dr. Nader Chalfoun, Ph.D., LEED© AP, CEA 5.1.2017 Professor of Architecture and Program Chair 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members who were supportive with their advice and encouragement throughout this research. A great thanks to Nader Chalfoun, my committee chair, for his tremendous support, effort and time spent with us throughout this master’s program. Thank you, Professor Nader Chalfoun, Ray Barnes, Colby Moeller and Omar Magdy for agreeing to serve on my committee. Without their unlimited support, this thesis could not be finalized. I would like to thank the School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape Architecture’s staff for helping me to access to the materials that I needed and providing additional support along the way. 3 DEDICATION To my parents, whom always encourage me to be a successful man. 4 1 Table of Contents ABSTRACT: ............................................................................................................................... 16 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 17 1.1 Energy Development in Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................ 19 1.1.1 Research Location and Site ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.2 Climate of Saudi Arabia: ............................................................................................................................. 22 1.2.1 Human Life and Shelter ............................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.2 Climate Changes and Energy Effects ......................................................................................................... 27 1.3 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................................................... 31 1.4 Research Question ........................................................................................................................................ 32 1.5 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 33 2 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION ................................... 35 2.1 Najran Fabric Pattern extension ................................................................................................................. 35 2.2 Najran Historical Architecture: .................................................................................................................. 36 2.3 Najran Vernacular Architecture: ............................................................................................................... 37 2.4 The case study site selection ......................................................................................................................... 38 2.5 Najran Climate Data collection ................................................................................................................... 39 2.5.1 Najran Climate Analysis and Bioclimatic Design Strategies ..................................................................... 40 2.5.2 Najran Climate: Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3 Daily high and low temperature ................................................................................................................. 48 2.5.4 Corrected Effected temperature ................................................................................................................. 49 2.5.5 SUN CHART ............................................................................................................................................. 50 2.5.6 Dew point ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 2.5.7 wind direction ............................................................................................................................................ 53 3 CHAPTER 3: DEFINITION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS .................................................. 54 3.1 Energy Development .................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Energy Use Intensity Benchmarks: ............................................................................................................. 58 3.3 Energy Use Intensity for the commercial use: ........................................................................................... 59 3.4 Net-Zero and Stand-alone Building comparison: ...................................................................................... 60 3.5 Off-grid in Hot Arid Region Application Stages: ...................................................................................... 63 5 4 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES: ........................................................................................ 64 4.1 King Fahad National Library ...................................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Burton Barr Central Library ...................................................................................................................... 66 4.3 South Mountain Community Library ........................................................................................................ 67 4.4 Sustainable Energy Research Facility (SERF) ........................................................................................... 68 5 CHAPTER 5: BUILDING ENVELOPE AND PASSIVE ENERGY SYSTEM ............ 69 5.1 Walls: ............................................................................................................................................................. 69 5.2 Windows: ....................................................................................................................................................... 70 5.3 Shading: ......................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.4 Airtightness: .................................................................................................................................................. 71 5.5 Passive energy systems ................................................................................................................................. 73 6 CHAPTER 6: ACTIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS ................................................................. 74 6.1 On site energy sources .................................................................................................................................. 74 6.1.1 Solar System .............................................................................................................................................. 75 7 CHAPTER 7: ENERGY GENERATION AND STORAGE: ......................................... 76 7.1 Energy Storage Strategies in Commercial Buildings ................................................................................ 76 7.1.1 Batteries technology ..................................................................................................................................