PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series D - No. 36 INTONATION IN RELATION .TO SYNTAX IN INDONESIAN by Amran Halim (MATERIALS IN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA, No. 5) W. A. L. Stokhof, Series Editor Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Halim, A. Intonation in relation to syntax in Indonesian. D-36, viii + 156 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1981. DOI:10.15144/PL-D36.cover ©1981 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES B - Monographs SERIES C - Books SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender John Lynch University of Hawaii University of Papua New Guinea David Bradley K.A. McElhanon La Trobe University University of Texas A. Capell H.P. McKaughan University of Sydney University of Hawaii S.H. Elbert P. Mtlhlhliusler University of Hawaii Linacre College, Oxford K.J. Franklin G.N. O'Grady Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover A.K. Pawley Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Auckland G.W. Grace K.L. Pike University of Michigan; University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics M.A.K. Halliday E.C. Polom� University of Sydney University of Texas A. Healey Gillian Sankoff Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Pennsylvania L.A. Hercus W.A.L. Stokhof National Center for Australian National University Language Development, Jakarta; Nguy�n Bltng Li�m University of Leiden University of Hawaii J.W.M. Verhaar Gonzaga University, Spokane All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 Australia. Copyright 0 The Author First Published 1981 The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 246 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknow.tedgmen.t� vi CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Aim 1 1.2. The Language 6 1. 3. Data 11 1. 3.1. Material 11 1. 3.2. Informants 12 1.4. Technical Procedure 12 1.5. Transcription, Notational Conventions, and Abbreviations 13 1.5.1. Transcription 13 1.5. 2. Notational Conventions 14 1.5. 3. Abbreviations 14 CHAPTER II - BRIEF SURVEY OF EARLIER STUDIES ON IN NON-SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY 15 2.1. General 15 2.2. Survey 15 2.2.1. William Marsden 15 2.2.2. Tassilo Adam and James P. Butler 18 2.2.3. Hans Kahler 18 2.2.4. J. Verguin 19 2.2.5. S. Takdir Alisjahbana 19 2.2.6. Armijn Pane 20 2.2.7. A.A. Fokker 29 2.3. Conclusion 33 iii 1v Page CHAPTER III - ACCENT \'lORO 35 3.1. Characterisation of Accent 35 3.1.1. Pitch, Duration and Intensity 35 3.1.1.1. Pitch 36 3.1.1. 2. Duration 41 3.1.1. 3. Intensity 47 3.1.2. Summary 55 3.2. Distribution Of Word. Accent 56 3.2.1. Unmarked Words 56 3.2.1.1. Monosyllabic Base 56 3.2.1.1.1. Base 56 3.2.1.1. 2. Non-base 56 3.2.1. 2. Polysyllabic Base 57 3.2.1. 2. 1. Base 57 3.2.1. 2.2. Non-base 58 3.2.2. Marked Words 59 3. 2.2.1. Occurrence in Marked Pause-Groups 59 3.2.2.2. Schwa in Non-Final Syllables 60 3.2.2.3. Grammatical Contrasts 61 CHAPTER IV - INTONATION AND SYNTAX 63 4.1. General 63 4. 2. Sentences in Discourse 67 4. 3. Intonation 74 4. 3.1. Intonation Defined 75 4. 3.2. Characterisation of Intonation 77 4. 3.2.1. Pitch Levels 79 4. 3.2.2. Accent 86 4. 3.2.2.1. Distribution of Accent 86 4. 3.2.2.2. Characterisation of Accent 89 4. 3.2.3. Pauses 91 4. 3.2.4. Contours 94 4. 3.2.5. Pause-groups 99 4.4. Intonation and Syntax 102 4.4.1. Intonation and Sentence Mode 104 4.4.1.1. Declarative Mode 105 4.4.1. 2. Interrogative Mode 106 4.4. 2. Intonation and Topic-Comment Relations 112 v Page CHAPTER V - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 119 APPENVIX A - WORDS SUBJECTED TO MINGOGRAPH INTONATION ANALYZER 125 APPENVIX B - ACCENTUAL MINIMAL PAIRS 129 APPENVIX C - A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY OF INDONESIAN 131 1. Phonemes 131 1.1 . Vowels 131 1.1.1. Vowel Nasalisation 133 1.1.2. Schwa Deletion 134 1.2. Diphthongs 135 1.3. Consonants 135 1.3. 1. Voicing of Ihl and 111 137 1.3.2. Deletion of Ihl 137 1. 3.3. Consonant Clusters 139 2. Syllable Structure 140 3. Graphology 143 B.i.bUoglL4phy 145 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study reported in this volume has been made possible by several institutions and numerous persons . I am deeply grateful to the In stitute of Education ( IKIP) in Palembang, Indonesia, for the leave of absence granted me from 1964 to 1969; to the Agency for International De velopment in Washington , D.C. for the honour of being sponsored from the fall of 1964 through the summer of 1969; to the University of Michigan for the high quality education I received from 1956 to 1958, and from 1964 to 1969. I wish to thank the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies of the Un iversity of Michigan for assistance in sponsoring my research. Professor Gayl D. Ness, formerly Director of the Center, provide d me with very effective help . I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to the members of my doctoral committee: Professor John C. Cat ford , Professor Alton L. Becker, Professor Michael H. O'Ma±ley, and Professor Ralph Vanderslice, for their generous assistance and advice , and for their extraordinary display of triendly and helpful questioning , test­ ing, and guiding. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my chairman , Professor John C. Catford, ,for his constant encouragement , wise council, and constructive comments throughout the investigation , and for his willingness to devote endless hours to inspect my work; to Professor Alton L. Becker, for his friendship and for his constant readiness to help at various stages of the research and the writing of the thesis . I also wish to thank all of my Indonesian friends in Ann Arbor, too numerous to mention one by one , for their generosity in helping me by serving as my informant s. I am especially indebted to my American friends , parti cularly Mr . and Mrs . James H. Rose , and Dr . Alexander Shakow for their generous vi vii support and assistance in more ways than I can describe. I also extend my thanks to Mrs . Sharon Curtis for her excellent job in typing the thesis. Finally, my wife , Annie , and my children , Frieda and Dony , de serve very special thanks . It was their love , devotion and patience that made it possible for me to complete the research and the writing of the thesis. EDITORS' NOTE This volume was first published in 1974 by Djambatan on behalf of Proyek pengembangan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah, Departernen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta. We wish to thank the publishers for permission to reproduce this work in Pacific Linguistics as part of the sub-series 'Materials in languages of Indonesia'. Halim, A. Intonation in relation to syntax in Indonesian. D-36, viii + 156 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1981. DOI:10.15144/PL-D36.cover ©1981 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1. AIM This volume is a study of t he structu. ral relationships among sen­ tences in discourse as shown by their intonation patterns . The re lationships are signalled not only by lexical items , as ex emplified by the sample dialogue (1), by syntax, as illustrated by (2) , by certain non-segmental features such as accent or stre ss as demonstrated by Hultz� n (1959) and by Gunter (1963, 1966), but also by the total non-segmental features; that is , by the total intonation patterns . This volume attempts to answer the following questions : (1) What are some of the ma jor intonation patterns of Indonesian? (2) What phonological (specifically prosodic ) units have to be set up to account for the data, and what are their characteristic features (in terms of pitch levels , pitch movement , pauses, etc.)? (3) What are the maj or functions of intonation in Indonesian? (4) How are the phenomena of intonation relatable to syntax in Indonesian? l (1) A. Ke mana? 2- 3 I # f to whel'e 'Whel'e al'e you going? ' B. Ke sana. 2- # 3 I f to thel'e 'I am going thel'e. , �he Indonesian illustrations in this volume are written in the current Indonesian spelling system. For a brief sketch of the sound system of Indonesian as it is spoken in South Sumatra, see Appendix C. The correspondence between the Indonesian sound system and the spelling system is also outlined in Appendix C. For the intonation notation convention , see 1.5.2.