COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Queen Snake Regina septemvittata in Canada THREATENED 2000 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION DES ENDANGERED WILDLIFE ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL IN CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: Please note: Persons wishing to cite data in the report should refer to the report (and cite the author(s)); persons wishing to cite the COSEWIC status will refer to the assessment (and cite COSEWIC). A production note will be provided if additional information on the status report history is required. COSEWIC 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the queen snake Regina septemvittata in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 28 pp. Smith, K. 1999. COSEWIC status report on the queen snake Regina septemvittata in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the queen snake Regina septemvittata in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-28 pp. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Rapport du COSEPAC sur la situation de la couleuvre royale (Regina septemvittata) au Canada Cover illustration: Queen snake — Mandi Eldridge, Guelph, Ontario Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002 Catalogue No. CW69-14/149-2002E-IN ISBN 0-662-32142-1 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – May 2000 Common name Queen snake Scientific name Regina septemvittata Status Threatened Reason for designation This snake is confined to small areas in southwestern Ontario and requires specific habitats and food (newly molted crayfish), which are both declining. Occurrence Ontario Status history Designated Threatened in April 1999. Status re-examined and confirmed in May 2000. May 2000 assessment based on new quantitative criteria applied to information from the existing 1999 status report. iii COSEWIC Executive Summary Queen snake Regina septemvittata Species information The queen snake (Regina septemvittata) is a slender, moderately sized, semi- aquatic snake. Its dorsal ground colour is brownish olive with three narrow black stripes running longitudinally down the midline and along each side on the fifth and sixth scale rows. The belly is pale yellow with four dark longitudinal stripes. Distribution The US distribution of the queen snake ranges throughout the eastern states from Michigan to northern Florida. In Canada, the queen snake is limited to southwestern Ontario, specifically, west of the Niagara escarpment and south of Georgian Bay. Habitat The queen snake requires a highly specific habitat with a permanent body of water (preferably with a moderate current), an abundance of crayfish as prey and an adequate supply of rocks and vegetation to provide cover. Biology The diet of the queen snake is extremely specialized, comprised almost exclusively of newly molted crayfish. Female queen snakes give birth to live young in late summer and early fall, and litter size commonly ranges from five to eighteen snakelings. Young queen snakes almost double their size in the first year; growth rates decrease as the snakes age. The normal period of activity in Ontario is from May to October. Large groups of queen snakes congregating in preparation for hibernation have been reported in the United States. Queen snakes are also commonly reported in the company of other snake species. Home range size is fairly small. Population sizes and trends In two recent surveys of known queen snake habitat, 30 and 38 specimens were located. Accurate estimates of population size cannot be developed on the basis of iv these surveys as a result of the queen snake’s generally aquatic and cryptic behaviour. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that the queen snake is rare in Canada. Limiting factors and threats Queen snakes are vulnerable to many human activities, such as habitat destruction by construction of dams or erosion controls. In addition, pollution of streams may result in the contamination of the queen snakes’ food supply or accumulation of toxicants in the queen snakes themselves. Special significance of the species In Canada, the queen snake reaches the northern limits of its range. The Ontario population may show specific adaptations (genetic, physiological, behavioural) to the colder climate. Existing protection or other status designations The queen snake is legally protected under the Ontario Game and Fish Act, which prohibits the collection, hunting, possession or sale of native reptiles, except under authority of a license. Several queen snake populations receive additional protection as a consequence of their location falling within conservation areas or provincial parks. The queen snake is the least reported snake species in Ontario, with only 163 records in the Ontario Herpetofaunal Summary. Several populations in Ontario appear to have been extirpated. v COSEWIC MANDATE The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) determines the national status of wild species, subspecies, varieties, and nationally significant populations that are considered to be at risk in Canada. Designations are made on all native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, lepidopterans, molluscs, vascular plants, lichens, and mosses. COSEWIC MEMBERSHIP COSEWIC comprises representatives from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal agencies (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Federal Biosystematic Partnership), three nonjurisdictional members and the co-chairs of the species specialist groups. The committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species. DEFINITIONS Species Any indigenous species, subspecies, variety, or geographically defined population of wild fauna and flora. Extinct (X) A species that no longer exists. Extirpated (XT) A species no longer existing in the wild in Canada, but occurring elsewhere. Endangered (E) A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction. Threatened (T) A species likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed. Special Concern (SC)* A species of special concern because of characteristics that make it particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Not at Risk (NAR)** A species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk. Data Deficient (DD)*** A species for which there is insufficient scientific information to support status designation. * Formerly described as “Vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999, or “Rare” prior to 1990. ** Formerly described as “Not In Any Category”, or “No Designation Required.” *** Formerly described as “Indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ISIBD” (insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation) prior to 1994. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference held in 1976. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. Species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list. Environment Environnement Canada Canada Canada Canadian Wildlife Service canadien Service de la faune The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat. vi COSEWIC Status Report on the Queen Snake Regina septemvittata in Canada Kim Smith1 1999 1Department of Zoology University of Guelph Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SPECIES INFORMATION............................................................................................... 3 Name and classification............................................................................................... 3 Description................................................................................................................... 4 History of the Queen Snake in Canada ....................................................................... 4 DISTRIBUTION............................................................................................................... 5 North America.............................................................................................................. 5 Canada ........................................................................................................................ 5 HABITAT .........................................................................................................................5 Habitat Definition ......................................................................................................... 5 Habitat Trends ............................................................................................................. 8 Habitat Protection ........................................................................................................ 8 BIOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 9 Food Habits